Unit 4

Question 1

microbiology and microorganisms

Answer 1

study of microorganisms and microbes

small organisms visible via microscope

Question 2

categories of microorganisms

Answer 2

bacteria, viruses, protozoa, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, mycoplasms, fungi, helminths

Question 3

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

P: lacking nucleus membrane, simple, cell wall

E: true nucleus and membrane, complex cells, usually no cell wall

Question 4

pathogens vs nonpathogenic

Answer 4

P: disease causing

N: doesnt produce disease

Question 5

describe culture and anaerobic

Answer 5

anaerobic: grows without oxygen

Question 6

major groups of bacteria

Answer 6

aerobic, anaerobic, pathogenic, nonpathogenic

Question 7

structure of bacteria

Answer 7

cell wall: gram negative or positive

Question 8

gram positive vs gram negative

Answer 8

gram positive or gram negative depending on cell wall chemical composition, helpful to identify for prescriptions

Question 9

effects of exotoxins, endotoxins, enzymes, spores

Answer 9

exotoxins: toxins and enzymes , produced by gram positive bacteria. diffuse through body fluids to interfere with nerve conduction

endotoxins: produced by gram negative bacteria, released after the organism dies, causes fever, weakness, effects capillary permeability increasing fluid in interstitial spaces causing endotoxic shock

• antibiotics would kill cell wall of gram negative bacteria, allowing the endotoxins to be released greater

enzymes: damage to tissue or cells (ie destroy RBC, hemolysins)

spores: latent, survive for long periods in latent state

Question 10

bacterial reproduction/ binary fission and spore formation

Answer 10

dna duplicates, cell divides, 2 identical daughter cells, each daughter cell continues to divide

spores are bacteria in a latent state with a resistant coat to adverse conditions, when conditions are optimal spores will chance into active state again

spore formation: vegatative form, dna duplicates and cell membrane grows inward to seal off new dna, resistant layers form around dna forming a strong coat, old cell wall breaks down,, spore is released

Question 11

virus defintion and major differences between viruses and bacteria

Answer 11

virus: small intra cellular parasite, requires living host cell to replicate

bacteria replicate independant of host cell

viruses require living host cells

Question 12

structure of viruses , reproduction, host cell interactions

Answer 12

virus attaches and penetrates host cell, uncoats viral rna or dna and it enters nucleus of host, host cell synthesizes viral components, new viruses are assembled, new viruses are released, host cell membrane broken down and killed (lysis)

Question 13

latent vs mutant

Answer 13

L: virsues enter host cells but do not yet replicate

M: viruses change slighty during replication, making it difficult for antibodies or vaccines to be effective

Question 14

compare chlamydiae, rickettsiae, mycoplasms with bacteria and viruses

Answer 14

similar to bacteria and viruses, divide by binary fission, but require host cell (like viruses)

chlamydiae: common std, causes PID and sterility in females

rickettsiae: gram negative, transmitted via insect vectors (lice or tics)

mycoplasmas: lack cell wall, common cause of pneumonia

Question 15

fungus

Answer 15

eukaryotic yeast, molds, reproduce via spore formation

Question 16

where fungus lives

Answer 16

soil, air, water, humans, animals, food

Question 17

mycosis

Answer 17

fungal disease

Question 18

good vs bad fungi

Answer 18

beneficial: in cheese, yoghurt

bad: fungal diseases

Question 19

2 superifical and deep fungal diseases

Answer 19

s: athletes foot (tinea pedis), foot fungus

deep: candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection)

Question 20

protozoa structure

Answer 20

unicellular, eukaryotic, parasitic

Question 21

parasite definition

Answer 21

organisms living on or inside hosts causing disease

Question 22

name three protozoa and the disease they cause

Answer 22

trichomonas vaginslis: sexually transmitted

entamoeba histolytica: amebic dysentery

toxoplasma gondii: affect human bahaviour (cat resevoir)

plasmodium: malaria (via mosquitos)

Question 23

where are protozoa found, routes and interactions with humans

Answer 23

fecal matter (including ingested by animals we eat), insects, sexual transmission

Question 24

explain why helminthes are included in microbes

Answer 24

parasitic but not microorganisms

Question 25

structure of helminthes

Answer 25

eukaryotic, multicellular

Question 26

helminthes life cycle

Answer 26

ovum, larva, adult

Question 27

routes of worms into humans

Answer 27

food, water, via skin, insects

Question 28

common worms found in notrh america

Answer 28

pinworms, tape worms, whipworms, round worms, hook worms

Question 29

resident flora and oportunistic infection

Answer 29

mircoorganisms living in the body without harm, balanced communities, if disrupted can cause disease (ie immunosuppresents allow for opportunistic infection)

Question 30

sterile areas of the body and where normal flora is

Answer 30

sterile: blood, CSF, lungs, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary Flora: skin, nose, pharynx, mouth, colon, rectum, vagina, distal urethra and perineum

Question 31

resevoir and carrier (transmitting infection)

Answer 31

r: source of infection carrier: source of infection, no symptoms, capable of transmission

Question 32

epidemic, pandemic, endemic

Answer 32

epi: localized groups Pand: world wide end: normally found in a region

Question 33

modes of transmission of infectious agents

Answer 33

direct blood access, animals, sex, ingestion, inhalation

Question 34

factors decreasing host resistance

Answer 34

age, genetic susceptibility, immunodeficiency, malnutrition, chronic disease, physical r emotional destress, inflammation or trauma effecting skin mucosa, poor inflammation

Question 35

mutation and superbugs

Answer 35

microorganisms mutate ceoming drug resistant

Question 36

necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 36

flesh eating disease, strain of strep a, break down tissue, toxin producing shock, invasive

Question 37

multi drug resistant microbes

Answer 37

myobacterium tuberculosis, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus, neisseria gonorrhoeae, plasmodium falciparum, streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 38

controlling transmission and infection

Answer 38

via univeral precautions, wash handes, reduce number of resevoirs, healthy barriers, dispose of waste, prevent entry to host via immunity,

Question 39

universal precautions

Answer 39

all blood, body fluids and wastes are considered infected in any client regardless of condition

Question 40

onset and course of infection

Answer 40

prodromal period: signs begin to appear, non specific acute period: acute signs present, tipping point for recovery OR overwhelming infection chronic infection: mild signs, destructive, signs have subsided bacteremia: prescense of bateria on blood septicemia: overwhelming systemic infection (organs, blood, death)

Question 41

issues with superbugs and how to reduce them

Answer 41

microorganisms mutate and become drug resistant, will survive and proliferate, only administer antibiotics where needed, limit broad spectrum, complete full course of antibiotics

Question 42

antimicrobial drug types and what they effect

Answer 42

antibacterials: bactericidal (kills bacteria), bacteriostatic (decrease repro), broad spectrum kills both positive and negative antivirals: decrease reproduction rates inside cell antifungals: interfere with mitosis, increase mem permeability, stop and or limit repro.