Unit 3

Question 1

describe immune response

Answer 1

bodys specific defence mechanism responding to a particular stimuli proceived as foreign

Question 2

define antigen and self and nonself discrimination

Answer 2

antigen: foreign or nonself substance stimulating the immune system

self: protein on cell surface native to the body

Question 3

B lymphocytes vs T lymphocytes

Answer 3

where they mature:

t: thymus, B: bone marrow

what happens when stim:

T: act against virus infected cells, fungal and protozoal infection, cancer cells and foreign cells (ex/ transplanted tissue), directly attack antigen

B: bacteria and viruses outside the cell, produce antibodis that enter the blood and react with the specific antigen

type of immunity:
T: cell mediated
B: humoral or antibody mediated

Question 4

humoral vs cell mediated immunity

Answer 4

humoral: produce antibodies entering blood stream and react with specific antigens

Cell mediated: directly destroy the antigen

Question 5

describe specificity

Answer 5

each b or t cell only recognixes a specific antigen

Question 6

describe memory, primary response, secondary response

Answer 6

memory b cells: hold onto antigen

primary response: slight increase in serum antibody titer ( amount of antibodies in circulation)

secondary: twice the amount of antibodies, b cells already recognizes antigens

Question 7

natural vs innate immunity

Answer 7

natural: species specific, humans are naturally immine to some infectious agents

innate: gene specific immunity, controlled by factors like ethnicity, aboriginals susceptible to TB

Question 8

define active natural immunity

Answer 8

pathogens enter body, antibodies form in host memory is established

Question 9

describe active artificial immunity

Answer 9

vaccine (live/attenuated organisms), injected and no illness results but antibodies form, memory forms

Question 10

describe passive immunity

Answer 10

host recieves immunity from another source

Question 11

describe passive natural immunity

Answer 11

antibodies passed directly from mother to child, temp protection, no memory established

eg/ placental passage

Question 12

describe passive artificial immunity

Answer 12

antibodies injected, provide temporary protection, minimize infection, no memory cells

Question 13

describe vaccine

Answer 13

dead or weakened organisms stimulate immune response, active artificial immunity

Question 14

describe toxoid

Answer 14

altered or weakened bacterial toxin, acts as antigen, stimulates immune response

considered active artificial immunity

Question 15

describe booster

Answer 15

additional immunization, reminds the immune system of an antigen

Question 16

transplant rejection

Answer 16

cell mediated and humoral response to a transplat causing inflammation and tissue necrosis

Question 17

immunosuppresion

Answer 17

drug to reduce immune response and prevent rejection, infection becomes a concern

Question 18

oportunistic infection

Answer 18

infection from organism usually non threatening (in healthy people: doesnt cause immune response or disease)

Question 19

4 major types of hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 19

hay fever or anaphylaxis, ABO blood incompatibility, autoimmune disorders, contact dermatitis

Question 20

allergy - atopic

Answer 20

manifestation of familial allergy

Question 21

common allergens

Answer 21

any substance causing an allergic or overwhelming immune response

common: nuts, shellfish, strawberries, eggs, penicillin, aspirin, sulfa, local anesthetics, cat and dog dander, pollen, ragweed, dust, mold

Question 22

outline first and second exposures of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 22

first: antigen introduced, IgE form, mast cells sensitized
second: allergen binds to IGE or antibodies on mast cells, histamine released, inflammation occurs

Question 23

define hayfever and alt word

Answer 23

allergic Rhinitis

seasonal, affecting nasal, sinus mucosa, conjunctiva of eyelid

runny nose, sneezing, itchy and red eyes

Question 24

food allergies

Answer 24

inflammatory response in GI tract

nausea, vomitting, diarrhea

mild: hives

severe: hives and swelling in pharynx (airway closes)

Question 25

atopic dermatitis

Answer 25

eczema chronic, genetic, ascociated with foods, irritatin fabrics, dry atmosphere

Question 26

asthma

Answer 26

lung disorder, periodic episodes of severe bronchial obstructioon, hypersensitive airway allergens, genetic

Question 27

allergic contact dermatitis

Answer 27

lesions only at site of contact, eg poison ivy!

Question 28

hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Answer 28

allergic aveolitis inhaled organic dusts, occupational antigen breathing difficulties, cough, chills, fever, headache, malaise (restlessness)

Question 29

latex allergy

Answer 29

HCP at risk with increased use, after AIDS dermatitis and anaphylaxis contact with other workers, gloves, powder airborn

Question 30

describe anaphylaxis pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, treatment

Answer 30

reaction within minutes large histamine release by mast cells after antigens bind creating: dialated blood vessels - faint, weak, irritated nerve endings - itching, pruritus, tingling, warmth constriction of bronchioles - cough, dyspnea, tightness, mucus released oxygen deficit to brain CNS: anxiety, fear, weakness, dizziness, loss of conciousness treatment: inject epinephrine (increase bp), administer oxygen, treat shock, use warmth, CPR

Question 31

describe the mechanism of autoimmune disorders

Answer 31

production of antibodies attacking individuals own tissue inflammation and necrosis of tissue genetic

Question 32

outline pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatemnt of systemice lupus erythematosus

Answer 32

chronic inflammatory disease, systemic, mainly women 20 to 40, genetic, hormonal, environmental increased autoantibodies immune complex deposited throughout body: inflammation and necrosis results vasculitis leads to ischemia and more inflammation, causing encrosis from lack of oxygen signs and symptoms: swollen and painful joints, butterfly rash, photosensitivity, ulcerations in oral mucosa, hair loss, glomerulonephritis (antigen and antibody deposit in kidneys), renal damage, inflammation of pleural membranes (chest pain), inflammation of the heart (pericarditis), vasospasms in fingers and toes, psychoses, depression, mood changes, seizures, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia Diagnosis: blood test for antinuclear antibodies and lupus erthymatosus cells Treatment: glucocorticoids (prednisone), reduce immune response and inflammation anti malaria drug - hydroxichloroquine reduces exacerbations

Question 33

primary vs secondary causes of immunodeficiency

Answer 33

primary: basic developmental failure somewhere in the system secondary: loss of immune response due to specific causes

Question 34

immunodeficiency effects and prophylactic measures / treatement

Answer 34

oportunistic infection antibiotics given during procedures due to sensitivty to chance of organisms entering treatment: replacement therapy or antibodies (limited success)

Question 35

HIV positive vs AIDS diagnosis

Answer 35

HIV positive: intial infection (3-6 weeks - mild flu symptoms), self limiting, antibodies form 2 to 10 weeks in (can then test HIV positive) latent period (t-4 cell count decreases, gradually enter infection) then aids develops, very low T4 cell count, severe opportunistic infections, cancer, wasting syndrome, CNS effected)

Question 36

routes of transmission of HIV and implications of HCP

Answer 36

enter circulating blood, transmitted via bodily fluid (blood, semen, vaginal secreations) - via shared needles, blood transfusions, organ transplants, infected mother to fetus HCP: accuired by accidental injury or open skin lesions

Question 37

3 methods by which the virus is not transmitted

Answer 37

casual contact, sneezing, coughing, fomites (anywhere a pathogen could sit and come in contact with humans; toilet seats, utensils), insect bites

Question 38

progression of HIV and complications

Answer 38

Memory loss, confusion, dementia, lymphoma, dermatitis, chronic diarrhea, anorexia, decrease in helper T lymphocytes, herpes simplex, pneumonia, tubercurlosis

Question 39

active immunity

Answer 39

host produces own immunity