Unit 1 Flashcards
Describe the 6 methods by which cells may adapt to altered
conditions in the body and outline the common causes of each
Atrophy: cell shrinkage
Hypertrophy: cell enlargement via increased workload
- muscles, kidney enlargement (one functioning kidney becomes enlarged
Hyperplasia: increase in size of organ due to increase in cell numbers
- only in cells that proliferate, breast tissue, uterine endometrium
metaplasia: cell type replaced by another cell type
- chronic irritation, inflammatory, infection response, precancerous
- replacing cells are more rigid
- in smokers: trachea cells replaced to protect cilia from chemicals
dysplasia: cells vary in shape and size
- response to chronic irritation, precancerous
- respiratory cells of smoker
- cervix
- randomized cell clumps
anaplasia: undifferentiated cells
- associated with malignancy and cancer, basis for grading cancer aggressiveness
Identify which of these cellular adaptations may be considered
precancerous
metaplasia and dysplasia
ischemia
lack of blood supply
infarction: cell death
hypoxia
decrease in oxygen to the tissue
interrupts oxidative metabolism
cell injury: mechanical forces and trauma
fracture, split, tear tissue
injured blood vessels: decreased blood supply
epidural hematoma
cell injury: temperature extremes
low intensity heat: disrupts blood flow and disrupts cell membrane
heat stroke, partial thickness burns
intense heat: coagulation of blood vessels and tissue proteins (severe burns)
Cold: increased blood viscosity, induce vasoconstriction
cell injury: electrical injury
extensive tissue injury
cell injury: ionizing radiation
cell death, interrupts cell replication, genetic mutations
cell injury: non-ionizing radiation
skin burns, thermal injury to deep tissue (improper use of infra-red, ultrasound waves, microwaves, laser energy)
cell injury: ultraviolet radiation
sunburn, cancer risk
cell injury: chemical toxins
exogenous: chemical from environment causes injury to bodily systems
endogenous: toxins within the body caused by metabolic diseases (body doesn’t get rid of toxins)
drugs: overwhelm system filtering toxins, eg alcohol and liver failure
biological agents
- toxins from metabolic waste
nutritional imbalances:
high fat: atherosclerosis
anorexia: starvation, anemia, tissue damage
cell injury outcomes
- reversable: factor causing damage is quickly removed and cell may recover
- irreversible: cell death or cellular function is inhibited vis dna mutations
events after cell death
1- nucleus discinegrates
2- cell undergoes lysis
3- lysosomal enzymes released
4-inflammatory response and damage to nearby cells
5- enzymes diffuse into blood (helps clue to type of cell dammaged)
Infarction
cell death due to ischemia (lack of oxygen)
- most dangerous in brain and heart tissue
necrosis
cell death
liquefication: cells liquefy due to environment
coagilative: cell structure remains (kindey and myocardial infarctions
fat: fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids during disease
Gangrene
infection of bacteria: on necrotic tissue
dry gangrene: caused by coagulative necrosis
tissue dry, shrinks, blackens
wet grangrene: found in fluid cavities exposed to bacteria
in feet, bowels
Gas gangrene: gas byproduct of metabolizing bacteria
tissue looks grey
