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LEAPES Midterm > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

rock formed directly from magma

A

igneous rock

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2
Q
  • rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
  • forms over longer periods of time
  • fossil records found here
A

sedimentary rock

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3
Q

rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected with high temperature and pressure

A

metamorphic rock

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4
Q

a place where molten material from Earth’s mantle reaches the lithosphere

A

hot spot

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5
Q

the process of one crustal plate passing under another

A

subduction

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6
Q

a vent in the surface of earth that emirs ash, gases, or molten lava

A

volcano

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7
Q

a chain of volcanoes, hundreds to thousands of miles long, that forms above a subduction zone

A

volcanic island arcs

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8
Q

an area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other

A

divergent plate boundary

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9
Q
  • an area where plates move toward one another and collide
  • plates are forced into one another which then pushes material upward in one of the processes that leads to the formation of mountains
A

convergent plate boundary

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10
Q

a fracture in rock caused by a movement of Earth’s crust

A

fault

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11
Q

an area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other

A

transform fault boundary/strike-slip

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12
Q

a series of waves in the ocean caused by seismic activity or an undersea volcano

A

tsunami

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13
Q

the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem

A

erosion

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14
Q

the accumulation or depositing of an eroded material such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil

A

deposition

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15
Q

the most fully decomposed organic matter in the lowest section of the O horizon

A

humus

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16
Q
  • the organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition
  • found in forests soils and some grasslands
  • most organic material
A

O horizon

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17
Q
  • frequently the top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together
  • AKA topsoil
A

A horizon

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18
Q

a zone of leaching, or eluviation, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon or less often, the A horizon

A

E horizon

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19
Q
  • a soil horizon composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter
  • AKA subsoil
A

B horizon

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20
Q

the least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material

A

C horizon

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21
Q

how much water can be stored in the soil

A

porosity

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22
Q

how quickly soil drains

A

permeability

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23
Q

break down of rock

A

weathering

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24
Q

the average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time

A

climate

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25
Q

the short-term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, and wind speed

A

weather

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26
Q
  • layer closest to the surface of Earth, extending up to approximately 16 km (10 miles)
  • weather occurs here
  • greenhouse gases occur
A

troposphere

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27
Q
  • layer above the troposphere, extending roughly 16 to 50 km (10–31 miles) above the surface of Earth
  • ozone layer located here
A

stratosphere

28
Q

lies between the thermosphere and the stratosphere

A

mesosphere

29
Q
  • the second-highest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, extending from the mesopause to the thermopause
  • aurora borealis occurs
A

thermosphere

30
Q

the outermost layer of the atmosphere

31
Q

the deflection of an objects path due to the rotation of earth

A

coriolis effect

32
Q

dry conditions - leeward side of mountain range windward side.
wet conditions- windward side of mountains

A

rain shadows

33
Q

the percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface

34
Q

a large-scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere

35
Q

the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents

36
Q
  • a periodic reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific
  • weak trade winds
  • warm water to move eastward
  • parts of North and South America experience warmer temperatures and wetter winters which can lead to flooding
  • India, Indonesia and Australia experience dryer than normal weather which can lead to drought and crop failures
A

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

37
Q
  • stronger Trade Winds
  • warm water pushed towards Asia
  • upwelling increases off west coast of the Americas
  • cooling of Pacific Ocean
  • wetter conditions for india, Indonesia, and Australia
  • leads to drought in southern US and heavy rains and flooding in the Pacific Northwest and Canada
38
Q

the process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid rock

A

lithification

39
Q

the location of increased seismic and volcanic activity around the margins of the Pacific Ocean basin

A

ring of fire

40
Q

persistent wind that blows westward and toward the Equator from the subtropical high-pressure belts toward the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)

A

trade winds

41
Q

formed when the parent material is weathered, transported/eroded, and deposited

42
Q

a place that is fertile and where crops can be grown

43
Q
  • a natural process in which water from the rain, snowmelt, or surface or groundwater dissolves substances in contact with the water on the surface of the Earth, and both water and substance are washed away
  • this process happens in soil when rainwater leaches nutrients from the soil
44
Q

the proportion of sand, silt and clay sized particles that make up the mineral fraction of the soil

A

soil texture

45
Q

the managed, aerobic (oxygen-required) biological decomposition of organic materials by microorganisms

46
Q
  • occurs when freezing aur passes over a lake’s warmer waters
  • some lake water evaporates, warms the air, and moves away from the lake
  • after cooling, the air dumps its moisture as snow
A

lake snow effect

47
Q

the continuous, predictable, directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind (Coriolis Effect), and water density

A

ocean current

48
Q

a constantly moving system of deep-ocean circulation driven by temperature and salinity

A

ocean conveyor belt

49
Q

the climate of a very small or restricted area, especially when this differs from the climate of the surrounding area

A

microclimte

50
Q

dry

51
Q

program that encourages farmers and landowners to convert highly erodible and other environmentally sensitive acreage to vegetative cover, such as native grasses, trees, and riparian buffers

A

conservation reserve program

52
Q

an area of land which drains precipitation to a particular river/lake/ocean

53
Q

a freshwater stream that feeds into a larger stream or river

54
Q

areas adjacent to rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans that are periodically flooded at different points in time

A

floodplain

55
Q

electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sun

A

solar radiation

56
Q

varies with latitude

A

sun’s rotation

57
Q
  • 23.5*
  • causes seasons and the amount of daylight that an area can get
A

earth’s tilt

58
Q

a convection current in the atmosphere that lies between hadley cells and polar cells

A

ferrell cell

59
Q

a convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60N and 60S and sinks at the poles, 90N and 90S

A

polar cell

60
Q

a convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30N and 30S

A

hadley cell

61
Q

the area in which one side of the mountains recieves lots of precipitation and the other side is dry

A

rainshadow effect

62
Q

the amount of solar radiation received by a planet

A

solar insolation

63
Q

original rocks that were broken down to start the basis of soil

A

parent material

64
Q

occurs when stress overcomes a fault and releases stored energy

A

earthquake

65
Q

What happens to the erosion rates when there is a removal of vegetation?

A

increased rates of erosion

LEAPES Midterm (7 decks)

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