Living environment Flashcards
the sum total of the chemical reactions happening within a cell or organism
metabliosm
the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment
homeostasis
- the removal of metabolic waste
- ex. the exhalation of carbon dioxide and water
excretion
- the process that occurs by an increase in cell size or cell number
- ex. a child grows 4 cm in a year
growth
- the production of complex substances from simpler substances
- ex. the synthesis of glycogen from glucose
synthesis
- the absorption and circulation of substances within an organism
- ex. glucose in the intestine reached a muscle cell
transport
- the production of new organisms that are essentially the same as their parents
- ex. the deer population of an area doubles over a period of time
reproduction
- the production of energy in an organism as a result of the oxidation of food materials
- ex. sugar is converted into energy
respiration
- maintaining stability in response to environmental changes
- ex. body temp is maintained at 37C regardless of outside temp
regulation
- obtaining food materials that are used as fuel
- ex. the breakdown of proteins into simple amino acids
nutrition
- fast source of energy
- made up of monosaccarides
- CHO
carbohydrates
- fats
- fatty acids make up of lipids
- great source for long term energy
- provide insulation
- make up cell membrane
- CHO
lipids
- made up of amino acids
- important for muscle movement, working in the immune system and acting as enzymes
- CHON
proteins
- important to DNA and RNA
- made up of nucleotides
- DNA in nucleus
- living things contain this
- CHONP
nucleic acids
cell theory
- All organisms are made of cells.
- Cells are the basic units of life.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
- regulates all cell activities, contains DNA
- surrounded by a nuclear membrane
nucleus
- site of cellular respiration and production of ATP
- contains its own DNA and ribosomes
mitochondria
- site of photosynthesis and production of glucose and O2
- contains Chlorophyll its own DNA and ribosomes, found in plants, algae and phytoplankton
chloroplast
- selectively permeable and regulates what crosses
- has fluidity and found in all cells
cell membrane
- site for protein synthesis
- found in all cells
ribosomes
- structure and support of cell, and site of many chemical reactions
- cytosol + cytoskeleton
- found in all cells
cytoplasm
- provides structure and support
- found in plant, prokaryotic and fungal cells
- in plants, contains cellulose
cell wall
2 layers of lipids
phospholipid bilayer
head of lipid
hydrophilic
tails of lipid
hydrophobic
- doesn’t require energy to move
- from high to low concentration
- a concentration gradient occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another
passive transport
the transport of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy
diffusion
the transport of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy
osmosis
- the diffusion of a substance with the help of a transport protein
- high -> low concentration without energy
facilitated diffusion
- the difference in the concentration of a substance between 2 areas
- there is potential energy in the highly concentrated area b//c the molecules are moving and collided into each other and want to spread out
concentration gradient
- movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
- energy is used
- movement against the concentration gradient
active transport
- low H2O and high solute
- inside the cell in hypotonic and outside the cell is hypertonic
- substance diffuses OUT OF THE INSIDE OF THE CELL
- shriveled animal cell
- shrinks/flaccid/wilt plant cell
hypertonic
- high H2O and low solute
- inside the cell in hypertonic and outside the cell is hypotonic
- substance diffuses INTO THE CELL FROM THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL
- lysed/burst animal cell
- turgid plant cell
hypotonic
- H20=solute
- normal plant and animal cell
isotonic
- most chemical reactions on cells require the help of these proteins
- react with a substrate
- have a specific shape and only work with specific substrates
- reusable
- named after their substrate
- large proteins
- catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
enzymes
a late substrate is broken down into small products
digestion reaction
2 small substrates are linked together to create a large product
synthesis reaction
