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AP BIO > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of cell signaling?

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

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2
Q

What happens during reception? (cell signaling)

A
  • Receptors on or in the cell bind to a ligand/signaling molecule
  • causes change in shape of the receptor
  • this is the initial transduction of the signal
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3
Q

What happens during transduction? (cell signaling)

A
  • cascades of molecular interactions
  • signals are transmitted from receptors to relay molecules
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4
Q

What happens during response? (cell signaling)

A
  • response occurs in nucleus or cytoplasm
  • may turn off or on genes (regulates protein synthesis)
  • Other responses include cell division
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5
Q

What are the two types of signaling and how are they different?

A

Paracrine signaling
- short distance
- cells are touching
Endocrine signaling
- long distance
- uses hormones which travel via the circulatory system

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6
Q

What does a hydrophilic ligand do?

A
  • bind to receptors on the plasma membrane, on the cell surface
  • cannot diffuse through the membrane
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7
Q

What does a hydrophobic ligand do?

A
  • can diffuse through the plasma membrane
  • bind to internal receptors
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8
Q

How are cell signals amplified?

A
  • Phosphorylation cascades enhance signals
  • activates protein and secondary messengers
  • stays active for a long enough time to process more molecules
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9
Q

What are G-protein coupled receptors?

A
  • transmembrane receptor
  • works with the help of a G protein
  • G proteins bind GTP
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10
Q

What are tyrosine kinase receptors?

A
  • membrane receptors
  • catalyze transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins
  • Can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once
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11
Q

What are ligand gated ion channels?

A
  • acts as a gate that opens and closes when a receptor changes shape
  • when open, lets through ions
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12
Q

What is negative feedback?

A
  • brings the system back to its stable state
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13
Q

What is positive feedback?

A
  • increases the change, brings it further away from the initial state
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14
Q

What are the steps of interphase? Describe each one.

A

G0 - Gap Phase - cell is not preparing to divide/not dividing
G1 - Gap 1 - Cell grows
S - Synthesis - DNA replication occurs, creates two identical sister chromatids for each chromosome
G2 - Gap 2 - Cell grows
M - Mitosis

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15
Q

What are the phases of mitosis in order?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

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16
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  • chromosomes begin to condense
  • spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes
  • nuclear envelop breaks down
17
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • Mitotic spindle is fully developed
  • chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate (line directly between the centrosomes)
  • centrosomes are at opposite poles
  • each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber
18
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A
  • cohesion proteins binding chromatids break
  • the now chromosomes are pulled toward opposite poles
  • non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthen, elongating the cell
19
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • chromosomes begin to decondense
  • mitotic spindle breaks down
  • nuclear envelop material surrounds each set of chromosomes
20
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A
  • The cytoplasm separates into two identical daughter cells
  • Animal cells –> cleavage (cleavage furrow appears and the cell splits)
  • Plant cells –> cell plate (vesicles fuse into a plate which fuses with the cell wall)
21
Q

What do cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases do?

A
  • drive the events of the cell cycle
  • cyclin bonds to a cdk to activate it
  • cdk activity rises and falls with changes in cyclin concentration
22
Q

What is apoptosis and when may it be used?

A

Apoptosis = programmed cell death
It may be used to eliminate unwanted/damaged cells

23
Q

What is the purpose of cell division in prokaryotes?

A
  • asexual reproduction for unicellular organisms
24
Q

What is the purpose of cell division in eukaryotes?

A

Development, growth and repair

25
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

A

Mitosis - division of a nucleus
Cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis

26
Q

What is phosphorylation and dephosphorylation?

A

Phosphorylation - addition of a phosphate group (done by a kinase)
Dephosphorylation - removal of a phosphate group (done by a phosphatase)

27
Q

What are two common second messengers?

A

Calcium ions and cAMP (Cyclic AMP)

AP BIO (9 decks)

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