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AP BIO > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA?

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid
  • two polypeptides in a helix shape
  • antiparallel backbone, 3’ hydroxide end and 5’ phosphate end
  • directs synthesis of mRNA
  • provides directions for self-replication
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2
Q

What is RNA?

A
  • ribonucleic acid
  • one polypeptide, shape is not helical, complementary bonding can happen with itself or with another RNA
  • mRNA interacts w/ protein-synthesizing systems to make a polypeptide
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3
Q

What are the base pairing rules?

A

In DNA
- Adenine and thymine
- Cytosine and guanine
In RNA
- Adenine and uracil
- Cytosine and guanine
- bonded though hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
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5
Q

Primary protein structure

A
  • sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain
  • determined by inherited genetic information
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6
Q

Secondary protein strucure

A

-coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
- resulted from hydrogen bonds in the peptide backbone
- forms an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet

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7
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A
  • formed by interactions between multiple side chains
  • interactions between R groups, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds. hydrophobic interactions
  • brings together helix and sheet
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8
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A
  • when there are multiple polypeptide chains
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9
Q

What is a proteins function determined by

A

Structure and function are directly connected

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10
Q

What is a protein’s structure determined by

A

the polypeptide chain aka the sequence of amino acids

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11
Q

What happens when a protein is moved to a different temperature or pH?

A
  • the structure may change and it will start to unravel
  • denaturation –> loss of protein’s native structure
  • change in function
  • may do something different, nothing, or will just not do its job as well
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12
Q

What are the 6 major elements of life?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus

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13
Q

How do you identify a carbohydrate?

A
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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14
Q

How do you identify a lipid?

A
  • long carbon skeleton
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen sometimes phosphate
  • hydrophobic (fatty acid tail) and hydrophilic (phosphate/glycerol head) section
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15
Q

How do you identify a polypeptide?

A
  • repeating structure
  • carboxyl end and amino end (c-terminus and n-terminus)
  • has R groups
  • amino acid chain
  • sulfur is mainly in this macromolecule
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16
Q

How do you identify a nucleic acid?

A
  • made of nucleotides
  • sugar and phosphate backbone with nucleotides in the middle
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17
Q

What macromolecule(s) is sulfur found in?

A

proteins

18
Q

What macromolecule(s) is phosphorus found in?

A

Nucleic acids and phospholipids

19
Q

What is the purpose of starch?

A
  • storage polysaccharide (carb) for plants
  • stores extra glucose monomers in chloroplasts and other plastids
  • sometimes branched structure
20
Q

What is the purpose of glycogen?

A
  • storage polysaccharide (carb) for animals
  • stores extra glucose in liver/muscle cells
  • very branched structure
21
Q

What is the purpose of cellulose?

A
  • structural polysaccharide (carb) for plants
  • strengthens the cell wall
  • unbranched structure
22
Q

Which fat is solid at room temperature, saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated fats

23
Q

What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated –> no double bonds, solid at room temperature, animal fats, have as many hydrogen atoms as possible
Unsaturated –> liquid at room temperature, oils, plant and fish fats, have at least one double bond

Hydrogenation adds hydrogen making an unsaturated fat saturated.

24
Q

Why do hydrogen bonds form between water molecules?

A
  • have polar covalent bonds
  • oxygen has a slight negative charge and hydrogen has a slight positive
  • oxygen is more electronegative so the electrons are closer to them
25
Q

What is a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

2 monomers bond through the loss of a water molecule, water molecule is formed and separates from the now polymer

26
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Water is added to the polymer and splits into two monomers

27
Q

What bonds are formed in each of the four major types of macromolecules by a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

Carbohydrates –> joins monosaccharides with a covalent bond called a glycosidic linkage
Lipids –> ester bonds
Proteins –> Peptide bonds links amino acids
Nucleic acids –> phosphodiesterase linkage links sugars and phosphate groups to create the sugar-phosphate backbone

28
Q

What are the four main macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

29
Q

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

A
  • Amino group
  • Carboxyl group
  • carbon skeleton between the groups
  • side chain in the middle, R group
30
Q

What are the categories of an amino acid?

A
  • Nonpolar or hydrophobic
  • Polar or hydrophilic
  • Acidic, has a negative charge
  • Basic, has positive charge
31
Q

What are the most common functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • stores glucose in plants and animals for later use
  • structural, in plants toughens cell wall
32
Q

What are the most common functions of lipids?

A
  • energy storage
  • store long term food reserves
  • insulation
33
Q

What are the most common functions of proteins?

A
  • speed up chemical reactions (enzymatic)
  • protect from disease (defense)
  • movement (contractile/motor)
  • store amino acids (storage)
  • transport
  • cellular communication
  • structural support
  • literally everything
34
Q

What are the most common functions of nucleic acids?

A
  • provides DNA and RNA
  • tells the body how to function
  • DNA self replicates
  • DNA directs synthesis of mRNA
  • mRNA directs production of a polypeptide (protein)
35
Q

What is cohesion and adhesion and how does it support life? (Properties of water)

A
  • cohesion –> attraction between the same molecules
  • adhesion –> attraction between different molecules
  • cohesion helps transport water in plants against gravity (water is adhesive with the cell walls and cohesive with itself)
36
Q

What is surface tension? (Properties of water)

A
  • how hard it is to break a liquid’s surface
  • water has high surface tension due to strength of hydrogen bonds
37
Q

What is specific heat and how does it support life? (Properties of water)

A
  • amount of heat needed to change 1g of a substance’s temp by 1*C
  • water has high specific heat, resists temp change, needs lots of head for temp to change
  • places near water don’t have large changes in temperature
38
Q

What is evaporative cooling and how does it support life? (Properties of water)

A
  • as a liquid evaporates the remaining surface cools
  • stabilizes water temp in organisms (sweat) and bodies of water
39
Q

Why does water’s expansion upon freezing support life? (Properties of water)

A
  • hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered, ice is less dense and can float
  • if ice sank bodies of water would completely freeze all the way through and organisms wouldn’t be able to live in them
40
Q

What is solubility? (Properties of water)

A
  • ability of a compound to dissolve in a solvent
  • when an ionic compound dissolves in water each ion is surrounded by a hydration shell
  • water can dissolve other polar molecules but not nonpolar
41
Q

What is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

Hydrophilic
- affinity for water

Hydrophobic
- no water affinity
- oils, non-polar bonds

AP BIO (5 decks)

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