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AP BIO > DNA (6) > Flashcards

DNA (6) Flashcards

1
Q

What does “antiparallel” mean?

A

The subunits/backbones run in opposite directions.

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2
Q

What are the structural differences between DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes → double-stranded circular DNA molecules with a small amount of proteins
Eukaryotes → linear DNA molecules with a large amount of proteins

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3
Q

What are the base pairing rules and how does it differ between DNA and RNA?

A

Adenine and thymine
Guanine and cytosine
In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil

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4
Q

What is a helicase?

A

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

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5
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Catalyze the synthesis of new DNA at the replication fork

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6
Q

What does topoisomerase do?

A

Relieves the strain of twisting the double helix by breaking/swiveling/rejoining DNA strands

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7
Q

What does ligase do?

A

The segments created in the lagging strand are joined together by DNA ligase

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8
Q

What direction is DNA synthesized?

A

5’ to 3’ end. Nucleotides can only be added to the 3’ end of a strand.

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9
Q

What is the leading strand?

A

DNA polymerase creates a leading strand when it continuously synthesizes toward the replication fork

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10
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

To create the lagging strand the DNA polymerase must work away from the replication fork. It is synthesized as a series of segments which are joined by ligase

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11
Q

What is meant by DNA replication being semi-conservative?

A

Each daughter molecule will have one old strand and one new strand

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12
Q

How is transcription different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotic transcription takes place in the cytoplasm while eukaryotic transcription takes place in the nucleus

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13
Q

What does the RNA polymerase do?

A

Pries apart the DNA strands and joins together the RNA nucleotides

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14
Q

What is the difference between the template and coding strand of DNA?

A

Template strand is one of the strands of DNA that provides a template for the creation of the coding strand

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15
Q

What direction is the mRNA synthesized?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

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16
Q

How do new nucleotides match up to form the new mRNA strand?

A

Complementary base pairing

17
Q

What kind of cell does RNA processing occur in?

A

Eukaryotic

18
Q

When does RNA processing take place?

A

After transcription and before translation

19
Q

Where does RNA processing take place?

A

The nucleus

20
Q

What is added to the ends of the mRNA molecule?

A

5’ end → modified nucleotide 5’ cap
3’ end → poly-A tail

21
Q

What is an intron?

A

Noncoding segments in a gene (introns are in the way)

22
Q

What is an exon?

A

Regions that are expressed, translated into amino acid sequences (exons are expressed)

23
Q

What do spliceosomes do?

A

Catalyze the splicing reactions

24
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

Some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide depending on which segments are treated as exons during splicing

25
Q

How is translation different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes → translation can begin before transcription is finished
Eukaryotes → the nuclear envelope separates the two processes

26
Q

What is the difference between codons and anticodons?

A

Codons are on mRNA, anticodons are on tRNA
They are complementary and bind to each other to create the amino acid chain

27
Q

What is the structure of tRNA?

A
  • Consists of a single RNA strand that twists into a 3D shape due to hydrogen bonding
  • Roughly L shaped with 5’ and 3’ ends located near one end of the structure
  • 3’ end is an attachment site for an amino acid
28
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Enables translation of a given mRNA codon into an amino acid

29
Q

Where is rRNA found?

A

Within the ribosomes

30
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Helps form ribosomes

31
Q

What are the three phases of translation?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

32
Q

What triggers initiation?

A

A start codon

33
Q

What is elongation?

A

The matching of mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons to bring in amino acids

34
Q

What triggers termination?

A

A stop codon

AP BIO (10 decks)

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