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APUSH > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

Revolution of 1800

A

Jefferson and Madison organzied Democratic-republican party
Jefferson defeated John adams in election of 1800 (ending federalist decade)

peaceful transfer of political power from federalists to democratic-republicans

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2
Q

Jefferson wanted America to become a

A

agrarian republic
yeoman farmers

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2
Q

Democratic-republican first party era

A

won for 6 executive presedential elections
federalists dissapeared by 1816

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3
Q

lousiana purchase

A

westerners depended on Mississippi River to ship their goods to New Orleans
in 1803 Napolean Bonaparte offered to sell the entire Louisiana territory for 15 million
bought
bought it because double US size because will help vision for agrarian republic

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4
Q

Embargo of 1807

A

Jeff. continued Washington’s policy of neutrality

in 1807, Jefferson persuaded congeress to pass ambargo act
stops all exports of american goods to europe (enable US to not be drawn into ongoing conflict between between Great Britan and France)

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4
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

gave supreme court the power to declare unconsititional a governmental action found to violate some provision of the constituion

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5
Q

Causes of war of 1812

A

madison and jefferson both tried to avoid war with Great Britain or France but Britian were impressing American seamen and forcing them into the Royal Navy outrages Americans
“War Hawks” demanded war with Britian

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6
Q

Consequences of 1812

A

restored American pride and reaffirmed Young Republic’s independence and Canada’s independence from the United States

British defeat delt severe blow to Indians living in the Midwest by depriving them of strongest ally

american forces led by General Andrew Jackson won battlle defending New Orleans from British Attacks - becomes national hero

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7
Q

Election of 1816 and 1820

A

James madison won both
he began surge of nationalism - era of good feelings

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8
Q

The American System

A

Henry Clay’s three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally founded transportation network.

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9
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland

A

established federal laws over state laws
national bank constitutional by confirming the right of Congress to utilize implied powers

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10
Q

Gibbson v. Ogden

A

court declared only congress has the constiutional power to regulate interstate commerce

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11
Q

MONROE DOCTRINE

A

torward latin america

govt in america different from monarchial systems in Europe
US doesnt tolerate creation of new european colonies in western hemisphere

European powers stay out of internal affairs of American nation in return US wont interfere with any established european colonies in western hemisphere or internal affairs of the newly independent nation

little effect

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12
Q

monroe doctrine was a sign of what

A

america’s growing confidence in era of gppd feelings

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13
Q

spirit of nationalism brought Americans togethers but a debate over extension of slavery

A

sparked divise spirit of sectionalism

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14
Q

Missouri compromise

A

in 1819, territory of missouri applied for statehood as slave state
northern controlled house of representatives passed Tallmadge ammendment (prohibited futher intro of slaved into Missouri and providing gradual emancipation of the 10,000 slaves already in territoru)

southerns outraged and scared will effect souther way of life - senate rejected ideas but ignited sectional debated ending era of good feelings

to settle dispute - Missouri Compromise - missouri admitted as a slavve state and Maine as a free state & prohibit slavery in the remaining portion of the Louisiana purchase

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15
Q

southerners thought slavery was

A

a neccesary evil inherited from their colonial ancestors
but after missouri compromise began to defen slavery as positive good
north started to fear slavery posed a threat to industrial expansion

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16
Q

ELECTION OF 1824

A

4 regional candidates vied for presidency
jackson recieved more popular and alectoral votes but did no recieve a majority of the electoral votes- election went to house of reps
adams won

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17
Q

era of good feeling defintion

A

a period in the political history of the United States that reflected rising nationalism in America after between 1817-1825. The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party during the First Party System.

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18
Q

adams presidency

A

DISSAPOINTING
smart, but lacked personal charm and common touch
alleged political deal with clay tarnished presidency

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19
Q

rise of Andrew Jackson

A

projected a common touch
named a military hero when trumped over british at the battle of new orleans

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20
Q

election of 1828

A

first party system provided polticial stability by allowing peaceful transfer of powers from one set of elite leaders to another

jackson supporters started new style of campaigning - parades, rallies, barbeques

rematach of adams and jackson - jackson won

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21
Q

jacksonian democracy

A

jacksonian had a great respect for the common sense and abilities of the common man
represents interests of the people

supported white male suffrage expansion

supported patronage: policy of rewarding political supporters with governing positions

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22
Q

Tariff of abominations

A

in 1828, congress unexpectantly passed a portoective tariff that pushed rates to over 50 percent of the value of imports

led by SC, southern states named this tariff the tariff of abominations - while industrial northeast flourished, south forced to sell cotton in an unprotected world market

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23
Q

Doctrine of Nullification/South Carolina Exposition and Protest

A

VP John C Calhoun anonymouslt responded to tariff of abominations by writing this.

drew up states’ rights, insisted union was a compact of soverign states,
argued when federal law exceeded the powers of congress, a state could declare the law null and void withing their own borders

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24
Q

Force Bill

A

After SC repudiated the Tariff of Abombinations (lef by Calhoun’s writing) Jackson was angry and called nullififcation an impractical absurtity then demanded congress to pass a Force Bill which authorized him to use the army to enforce federal laws in South Carolina

Clay proposed a new compromise tariff that gradually reduced duties over the next ten years - SC rescinded its nullification ordinance

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25
Q

Indian Removal act

A

1830
passed by congress removed all indians east of the mississippi to an “indian territory” where they would be “permanently” housed

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26
Q

Worcester v. Georgia

A

cherokee legally challenged jacksons removal order
chief justice marshall uphel the cherokee nations legal right to their land

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27
Q

Trail of Tears

A

jackson defied courts decison to worcester v. georgia and pushed forward with his policy of moving the remaining eastern tribes west of the Mississippi

In 1838, 7000 tripps began a forcible evacuation of 17,000 cherokee from their homes
one fourth of cherokees died from disease and exhaustion on an 800 mile route (trail of tears)

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28
Q

jacksons veto

A

second bank of US was in Philidelphia
included main office and manu branches in cities across nation
Jackson and followers called the bank a monster that concentrated special financial advantages in the hands of a few privleged people
jackson vetoed bill in 1832 that would have recharterd the bank in 1836

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29
Q

consequences of jackson veto against the bank

A

jacksons war against bank was a key role in creation of the two-party system Jacksons party opposed the bank while the Whigs (which included many former federalists) supported it

state-charterded bank flourished without banks restraining policies - often ran poorly managed officals these “pet banks” flooded the countrey with paper currency

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30
Q

the South carolina nullification crisis, the india removal act all led to what

A

MAIN THING: JACKSONS INDIAN REMOVAL ACT AND BANK VETO LED TO THE FORMATION OF THE WHIG PARTY AND THE BEGGINING OF THE SECOND PARTY SYSTEM

kind andrew the first

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31
Q

Election of 1836

A

democratic convention elected Matin Van Buren elected for presidency
still not fully organized whigs did not have a convention: led 3 candidiates (hoping to throw the election to House of reps)
this failed as Van Buren won

32
Q

Van Buren economy during presidency

A

during campaing, benifetted from economic boom during jacksons secon term
once he took office 2 monthes later
sudden drop in cotom prices as awll as a failure of the whear crop created a financial panic

33
Q

login cabin campaign of 1840

A

democrats run Van Buren
Whigs nominate william henry harrison - emphasized his victory over indians in battle of tippecanoe and blamed van bruin for contiual economic slup

Harrison won

adopted log cabin and hard cider as campaign symbols to connect with common man (first modern election both parties campaigned to masses)

34
Q

The Whigs

A

supported a strong federal government, a loose construction of the constituion, the second national bank, and Clay’s American system

opposed andrew jackson, indian removal, and wester expansion

key leaders: Henry Clay and Daniel Webster
support from small buisnessmen, professionals, manufacturer, and some southern planters

35
Q

Democracts

A

supported states’s rights, strict construction of the constitution, indian removal, and wester expansion

opposed second national bank and federal support for clays american system

key leaders: jackson and van buren
supporters: irish immigrants poor farmers in north and midwest, small planters in south, and “common man”

36
Q

cotton gin

A

cotton gin which enabled slaves to clean fifty times as much cotton as could be done by hand
revolutionized southern economy
quickly became Americas most valuable cash crop by 1840s accounter for over half the value of americans exports

37
Q

KING COTTON

A

vast region of fertile land from GA to Louisiana
known as black belt
produced 2/3 of the worlds supply of cotton

38
Q

cotton effects on south

A

as south became comitted to one crop cotton economy also became comitted to slavery

presence of slavery discouraged immigrants to moving to the South

souths relicance on cottona and slaves and its slow rates of industrialization and urbanization removed it from the dynamic innocations taking place in North and West

39
Q

planters

A

4 percent of souths adult white male population
small but powerful of men who owned more than half of all the slave

40
Q

yeoman farmers

A

majority of white families in South were independent yeoman farmers who owned very few if any slaves

41
Q

poor whites

A

as many as 25 to 40 percent of white southerners were unskilled labourer who owned no land or slaves
still shared sense of white suprepmacy

42
Q

domestic slave trade

A

congress outlawed african slave trade in 1808
domestic slave trade uprooted countless families - despite forced seperation slaved maintained strong kinship while creating a distinct african american culutre (Ex. spiritual songs)

43
Q

slave resistance to domestic slave trade

A

tried to escape when they could
slave revolts were infrequent
would slow pace of work, damage equipment and feign illnesses

44
Q

How attitude of slavery changed in Old South

A

during late 1700s southerners referred to slavery as a “necessary evil”

early 1830s referred to slavery as a “positive good” - arguments that slaves benifeted from a paternalistic instituition
argued “well-cared for” slaves had better lives than wage slaves working in textile mills in NE

planters worned that slavery was vital to the souths and nations economy - vowed to resist attept to iterfere with their “peculiar institution”

this view contributed to increases sectonal tension between the North and South

45
Q

technological advances in Deep South

A

steel-tipped plow: sharp and durable enough to slice through Midwestern soil
mechanical horse drawn reaper: harvests 12 acres of wheat a day (1831)

46
Q

national road

A

federal govt begain to finance construction of the national road in 1811- completed in 1837 (620 mile road)
national road vast improvment over wilderness trails, but land travel waas still difficult, slow and expensive

47
Q

erie canal

A

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825.

The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

48
Q

steamboats

A

1807, Fulton proced steam could prope; a ship with his steamship Clermont - steamboats quickly became a commong sight in east coast harbors

revolutionized trade on mississippi river

49
Q

railroads

A

use of steam power revolutionized land travel
in 1820s, British engineers succsfullt built Liverpool-Manchester Railway which inspired buisness leaders in baltimore to finance a pioneering railroad line

these railroads were cheaper and faster means of moving passengers than canals

50
Q

effects of transportaion

A

canals, railroads, and steamboats all shortened travel time enabling newa to travel more quickly

51
Q

telegraph

A

allowes instant communications over vast distances
telegraphs poles ran along side railroad trackks
linking the nation with the help of railroads like never before

52
Q

market revolution

A

new networks of transportation enambled merchants, farmers, and planters to reach consumers in other markers of the country

“market revolution” refers to creation of a national economy that linked regions and people who were previously unable to access such a large market

53
Q

Impact of Market Revolution

A

Northeast-
accelerated rate of industrial growth, created close trading relationship between NE and Midwest, create wealthy class of urban capatilists

Midwest-
accelerated the migration of settlers into Midwest, increased the producion of cash crop such as whaeat and corn

South-
extended plantation system based upon cotton and slavery southward
slowed pace of urbanization and industrialization

MORE FACTORY

54
Q

beggining of factory system

A

cotton gin, reaper, and growing use of steamships and railroads created an agricultural revolution in S while new technlogoies supurred the rise of the factory system in New England

55
Q

Lowell Experiment

A

Lowell build model factory in a village renamed Lowwell designed to acoid the drab conditions of English mill towns, lowell feature clean redbrick factories and dorms -
he hired young fram women to work and live in model town- worked 12 hours a day 6 days a week,
lived together in boarding houses under eye of older women who enforced church attendance and rule following

worked well at first

in 1834 and 1836 owners cut wages without reducing hours, women went on strike and was unseccesfull, strike convinced owners female workers are too troublsome so increasinglyt hired poor irish immigrants who were pouring into MA

56
Q

factory system quickly spread from textile industryt o

A

production of shoes and guns

57
Q

the rise of commerce and industry suppred growth off cities Ex

A

NYC became first city in America to boast a population of more than a million people

58
Q

immigration between revolutionary war and war of 1812

A

slowed dramarically

59
Q

first great wave of ninteenth century immigration took place between 1820 and 1860

A

during this, 5 million people immigrated to america two thirds came from ireland and germany (other from england and scandinavia)

60
Q

Irish immigrants

A

desperate living conditions in ireland made madd immigration inevitable
(blight destroyed potatoe crops killing 1 million irish from starvation and diseas)

most in NE port cities
most forced to work lowest paying/unskilled jobs
supported democrats (common mane)

61
Q

German Immigrants

A

political instablility and economic unrest prompted germans to immigrate

most in rural areas in Midwest

very diverse group - included exiled political refugees and displaced farmers majority were protestants

62
Q

Great wave of irish immigration sparked

A

nativist or anti foreign reaction
posted - no irish need aply
convinced irish would never form in american life
Ex. group known as Know-Nothing demanded laws that would allow onlt native-born Americans to hold political office

Know-nothing marked beggining reoccuring pattern of nativist opposition to immigration

63
Q

second great awakening

A

during early 1800s a new wave of intense religious feeling swpt across country, thpusands of people attended emotionally charged camp meetings featuring appeals to faith and conversion

freed protestants from Calvinist doctrine( predestination). instead a loving God granted people free will and therefore the freedom to do good.

64
Q

burned over district

A

central and western NY became known as “Burned Over District” because of fervent revivals in region

65
Q

importance of second great awakening

A

predominatly a christian movment that altered religion landscapes
Baptist and Methodits churches surged

birthed distinctive black church in america

66
Q

Horace Mann

A

sponsered many reform in MA including a longer school year, higher pay for teachers, larger public school system

67
Q

emma willard

A

early advocate for women’s education

68
Q

Dorothea Diz

A

launched crsade to create special hospitals for the mentally ill

69
Q

temperance movemnet

A

widespread campaign to convince americans to consume less alcohol (demon rum) WORKED

70
Q

american colinization society

A

founded in 1817, ACS advocated for the gradual abolition of slavery combined with the goal of returning free slaves to Africa (many still openlt racist and did not believe blacks could not be integrated into America Society)

Liberia founded on west coast of africa by them for freed slaves to go but a bunch didnt want to go ebcause didnt see africa as homne

71
Q

William LLoyd Garrison

A

reformer who first went with ACS’s gradual approach to ending slavery but became a radical abolitionist who believed slavery was sinful and cruel and should immidietly be abolished

Creayed the Liberator - antislavery newspaper

cofounded American Anti-slavery Society

72
Q

Fredrick Douglas

A

escaped from bondage
Narrative of the life of fredrich douglas

73
Q

while new american republic promoted equality and political democracy women

A

could still not vote, hold office, were denied rights to own or manage property, form contracts
home became appropriate women

74
Q

cult of domesticity

A

A prevailing view among upper and middle class women
According to these ideals, women were supposed to embody perfect virtues in all senses.
The virtues were piety, purity, submission, and domesticity.
They were seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

75
Q

seneca falls convention

A

during 1830s and 40s many women dedicated themselves to working for abolition of slavery

Elizabeth Cady Stantona and Lucretia Mott, a small group of feminists realized they were also a victim of injustice - antislavery mivment spakred a DEMAND for equal rights for women

stanton and mott hald convention to meet in Seneca falls to discuss injustices
wrote declaration of setiments and resolutions written primarly by stanton - used we hold these truths to be self evident that all men and women are created ewual

76
Q

Deism to Romanticism

A

jefferson franklin and other leading late 18th century were Deists
during 1820s and 30s artists and writers started romantic movment putting emphasis on emption from second great awakening emphasis on intense expression of feelings

77
Q

Transcendentalism

A

transcendatalists were a small but influential group of writers and thinkers

believed that God live within each indivisual. each person possessed an inner soull or spirit and thus a capacity to find spiritual truth

find truth in nature

78
Q

hudson river school

A

America’s first native school of art. members concentrated on painting landscapes that portrayed America’s naturaul beauty

APUSH (4 decks)

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