unit 4

Question 1

evolutionary arms race

Answer 1

pathogens influencing the evolution of their hosts and hosts influencing the evolution of pathogens.

Question 2

types of defenses in immune system

Answer 2

Physical barriers
chemical defenses
cellular defenses
inflammatory response
behavioral

Question 3

innate immunity

Answer 3

something animals are born with.
Humoral (fluids) innate immunity involves various substances found in body fluids that interfere with pathogen growth or clump pathogens together for easy disposal.
Cellular innate immunity involves cells called phagocytes that “eat” pathogens and by natural killer cells that destroy abnormal body cells.

Question 4

acquired (adaptive) immunity

Answer 4

recognizes and destroys pathogens that the immune system has encountered before.
This system “learns” to recognize a pathogen’s antigens, such as toxins or proteins the pathogen produces.
Provides a sort of immunologic memory so that the body can fight off a pathogen better in the future.

Question 5

innate physical defenses

Answer 5

integuments and mucous membranes are the first barrier to invading organisms.

Question 6

innate chemical defenses

Answer 6

antimicrobial substances that inhibits pathogen growth
Lysozyme attacks the cell wall of many bacteria.
Cytokines are a class of molecules that are used for cell signaling. (They tell neighboring or distant cells to initiate an immune response.)

Question 7

innate chemical defenses: Antimicrobial peptides AMPs

Answer 7

short chains of amino acids
- Attach to cells and make holes in membranes.
- May also work as cell signaling molecules between host cells.

Question 8

innate chemical defenses: pattern recognition receptors

Answer 8

proteins on the surface of innate immune cells that detect non-specific antigens
mediate initiation adaptive immunity + inflammatory cytokines

Question 9

complement system (small proteins in blood)

Answer 9

cleave proteins + release cytokines
activation results in phagocyte attraction/stimulation, inflammation and attack on invader

Question 10

Cellular Innate defenses: Phagocytosis

Answer 10

A phagocytes is a type a white blood cell
involves invaders, old cells, debris
phago engulfs and lysosomes digest
phago presents receptor for antigens called MHC that activates acquired immune

Question 11

immunity in invertebrates

Answer 11

xenograft- different species and allograft- same species

Question 12

inflammation

Answer 12

innate response to pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
Involves immune cells (white blood cells), blood vessels, and molecular mediators.

Question 13

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 13

Redness, Heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 14

Inflammation process

Answer 14

starts with immune cells present: phagocytes/white blood cells (macrophages, dendrite, mast)
PRR recognize PAMP, cell activates mediators (histamine, prostaglandin) complementary system is highly active

Question 15

Inflammation fibrosis

Answer 15

inflammation failed to clear invader, starts walling off site to stop damage
granulomas may surround and suffocate

Question 16

signs of more severe inflammation

Answer 16

Necrosis, Ascesses, ulcers

Question 17

Acquired immune response in vertebrates

Answer 17

non self recognition can resist foreign and invader substances
stimulated by Antigen (usually proteins)
made of humoral and cellular immunity (just like innate)

Question 18

Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC

Answer 18

act like name tags the name being peptide bits
when immune system reads this foreign “name” triggers an attack

Question 19

recognition molecules

Answer 19

MHC are not the actual receptor just the display
antibodies and T-cells are the molecules
wide variety each with a different antigen receptor

Question 20

Acquired immunity: lymphocytes

Answer 20

these are white blood cells primary comp
lymphocytes + RBC come from stem cells in bone marrow

Question 21

Acquired immunity : B cells

Answer 21

B; mature in bone marrow, release in blood/lymph (body fluid)
membrane bound antibodies bind to antigen
memory B cells = copies of original in high concentration

Question 22

Antibodies : Immunoglobulins

Answer 22

location: surface of B cells or secreted by plasma cells derived from B cells
The amino acid sequence near the ends of the Y varies in both chains bc it forms a cleft, making them specific to an antigen called the antigenic binding site.

Question 22

Acquired immunity : T cells

Answer 22

T; mature in thymus gland
go through a lot of gene recombination during growth for diversity in receptors
T cells can only recognize antigens that bound to MHC on other cells

Question 23

Cell mediated v. humoral immunity

Answer 23

Cell-mediated immunity: on the other hand does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions and is primarily driven by mature T cells, macrophages and the release of cytokines in response to an antigen.

Humoral immunity: produces antigen-specific antibodies and is primarily driven by B cells.

Question 24

Antibody in host defense

Answer 24

particles become coated and stimulates macrophages (type of phagocyte) can prevent binding to target cells activation of complement antibody-dependent cell mediated cytoxicity (contact killing of invader)

Question 25

comparative psychology v. ethology

Answer 25

CP: focuses on a few species studied in a lab setting (e.g. lab rats) Ethology: the study of animal behavior in its natural habitat.

Question 26

behavioral ecology v. sociobiology

Answer 26

behavioral: focuses on individual behavior that maximizes reproductive and evolutionary success and studies mate choice, foraging, parental investment, Socio: is the ethological (under natural conditions) study of social behavior

Question 27

Tinbergens Four questions

Answer 27

Proximate (how behavior occurs): 1. mechanism/casuation; what stimulus? 2. ontogeny/development; behavioral change through life? Ultimate (why behavior occurs): 3. function/adaptation; help survive/reproduce? 4. phylogeny/evolution; how ancestors contribute?

Question 28

Stereotypical behaviors (innate)

Answer 28

predictable sequences with low variation don't have to learn, and tend to be key to survival ex; egg rolling of the goose

Question 29

genetics of behavior

Answer 29

very complex and involves many genes some show simple mendelian honeybees; hygienic bees uncap rotten diseased larvae certain passed alleles are consistent w this

Question 29

Sign Stimuli response

Answer 29

when animal responds to one specific aspect of stimulus ex; stickleback fish and robins only aggress towards red stripe despite shape

Question 30

Learning : diversity of behavior

Answer 30

modification of behavior through experience behaviors have been traced to nervous pathways, connecting sensory neurons to motor neurons that control the withdrawal muscles. Repeated prodding is associated with reduced release of neurotransmitters

Question 31

social behavior

Answer 31

reciprocal communication in a cooperative nature that allows a species to organize 4 pinnacles

Question 32

benefits of sociality

Answer 32

provide defense/protection (safety in numbers) synchs reproductive behavior hunting for food division of labor learning

Question 33

culture

Answer 33

process involving the social transmission of novel behaviors or ideas (memes), both among peers and between generations.

Question 33

aggression v. Agonistic

Answer 33

Aggression: is narrowly defined as an offensive physical action, or threat Agonistic behaviors: are a broader category including any activity related to fighting

Question 34

ritualization

Answer 34

involves a behavior that has been modified through evolution to make it effective in serving a communicative function involve ritual jousts: fiddler crab claw battles if dominance is not established = violence (seals)

Question 35

territoriality

Answer 35

A territory is a fixed area whose occupant excludes intruders of the same species and sometimes other species.

Question 36

inclusive fitness

Answer 36

relative number of an individual’s alleles that are passed on to future generations from one’s own offspring and that of related individuals.

Question 37

reciprocal altruism

Answer 37

temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time

Question 38

what is cognition

Answer 38

process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. "to know things "

Question 39

what is intelligence

Answer 39

the ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new situations "to use what you know the right way"