circulation + digestion

Question 1

why do animals need circulatory systems?

Answer 1

transport nutrients wastes and gases into/out of cells

Question 2

Intracellular body fluid

Answer 2

sum of all fluid inside cell

Question 3

extracellular body fluid

Answer 3

surrounding cells buffer for chemical changes

Question 4

blood plasma

Answer 4

division of extracellular fluid- contained in blood vessels

Question 5

interstitial (between) fluid

Answer 5

division of extracellular fluid- between cells in tissue formed from blood plasma moving in/out of capillaries

Question 6

plasma 55%

Answer 6

90% water, plasma proteins, glucose, antibodies, hormones, oxygen + carbon dioxide + nitrogen

Question 7

cells 45%

Answer 7

red blood cells, white blood cells (immune), cells fragments ( for blood clots)

Question 8

plasma proteins

Answer 8

albumins- keep plasma in osmotic equilibrium/cells (water rush in/out)
globulins- acquired immunity antibodies (requires pathogen)
fibrinogen- blood coagulation
serum- plasma with no fibrinogen

Question 9

red blood cells

Answer 9

high vol in blood, found in bone marrow in mammals, kidney/spleen in others
no nucleus + biconcave body for gas exchange
non-mammal= have nucleus and flat oval body

Question 10

blood loss prevention

Answer 10

damaged blood vessel= smooth muscle narrows tube, maybe enough to stop blood but larger animals have fibrinogen
blood coagulation fibers tangle cells to form gel (clot)

Question 11

platlets

Answer 11

(from bone marrow) stick to disruption in vessel, release clotting thromboplastin, calcium+ others activate thrombin, thrombin transforms fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 12

fish circulation

Answer 12

single loop, take blood from heart to gills then to the rest of the body

Question 13

amphibian circulation

Answer 13

3 chamber + 2 atria + 1 ventricle, path from heart to lungs back to heart (oxygenated blood mixes with non) back through atria (one to lungs, one to body)

Question 14

bird/mammal circulation

Answer 14

4 chamber, 2 each for the separate systemic (body) and pulmonary (lungs) systems

Question 15

suspension feeders

Answer 15

filter feeders- eat floating particles (plankton) by ciliated surfaces that draw in food to a mucous sheet
gill raker- strainer that catches food to digestive tract

Question 16

deposit feeders

Answer 16

extract organic material from detritus, pass through body annelids/hemichordates

Question 17

fluid feeders

Answer 17

parasites feed on body fluids
mosquitos and lamprey pierce/rasp tissue, mosq-have anticoagulant + antiseptic

Question 18

predator feeding mechanisms

Answer 18

polychaete- seize w jaws on pharynx
fish/amphibian/reptile- grip w teeth + swallow
birds- some have serrated beak
invertebrates- shred/grind

Question 18

food mass feeders

Answer 18

locate capture hold and swallow prey- some swallow whole some bite

Question 19

mastication

Answer 19

only mammals chew w a few exceptions
incisors- bite/cut/strip
canines-seize/pierce/tear
premolar+molar- grind/crush

Question 20

human molar structure

Answer 20

enamel- 98% mineral=hardest in body
dentine- 75% mineral makes up most of mass
cementum- thin covering (dense bone composition)

Question 21

intracellular digestion

Answer 21

1. food particles are phagocytize
2. lysosomes containing digestive enzymes fuse w/ food vacuoles
3. products absorbed into cytoplasm
4. undigestible wastes are expelled by exocytosis
   sponges and protozoa

Question 22

extracellular digestion

Answer 22

uses alimentary system (the gut) w/ specialized cells
mouth to anus flow through systems (the gut), split molecules by adding water-hydrolysis

Question 23

alimentary canal (region sequence process)

Answer 23

reception- conduction+storage- grinding- early digestion- terminal digestion- h2o absorb+concentration of solids

Question 24

receiving region (mouthparts, mandible, jaws, teeth, radula, bills)

Answer 24

buccal cavity+ pharynx= inner chamber
salivary glands= lube secreting, digest enzymes, toxins, anesthetics, anticoagulants

Question 25

conduction + storage
esophagus+stomach

Answer 25

Moves by peristalsis=muscle contractions
annelids/insects/octopus= esophagus= crop/storage, vertebrates = only birds (crop)

Question 26

grinding + early digestion
stomach for both

Answer 26

glands acidic juices for extracellular digest, herbivores crush in stomach
oligochaetes+birds swallow rocks to crush

Question 27

terminal digest + absorption

Answer 27

modification of small intestine to increase surface area, in invertebrates- pancreatic juice+bile (levels pH)+transmembrane proteins+villi

Question 28

water absorption + concentration of solids

Answer 28

high water absorption in insects=dry pellets, reptiles/birds= mid paste, humans=1/3 of dry weight is bacteria, depends on microbiome