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g e o g r a p h y - Galli > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what percent of Canada’s land is covered by forests?

A

42%

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2
Q

what two countries have more forest land than Canada?

A

Russia and Brazil

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3
Q

what trees make up Canada’s forests?

A

63% Coniferous trees (trees with needles)
22% Deciduous (trees with leaves)
15% mixed

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4
Q

Commercial Forest

A

part of the forest that 1) has large trees and 2) is close to the market

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5
Q

Non-Commercial Forest

A

part of the forest where: 1) trees are too small to harvest and 2) trees are too far from the market to transport

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6
Q

Economic Impact of Forests

A
  • 1 out of 25 Canadian jobs are connected to the forest industry
  • $300 billion a year industry (15 years ago)
  • $80 billion dollars or 1/3 of those products are exported
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7
Q

what are the 3 ways to harvest trees?

A

1) Clear Cutting
–> all the trees in an area are cut
2) Shelter Wood Logging
–> 70% of the trees are cut
- leaves small patches of old growth to provide seeds
3) Selective Cutting
–> only trees of a certain type/size/quality are cut

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8
Q

Harvesting a Tree

A
  • a harvester is used to clean trees - it is similar to a chainsaw
  • it is attached to the hydraulic arm
  • the hydraulic arm cuts the branches off the tree
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9
Q

Importance of Canada’s Forests

A

1) economic value
2) prevents flooding by holding water in the soil
3) provide habitats for wildlife
4) recreation / tourism

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10
Q

what is a mineral?

A

a mineral can be described as a naturally occurring, pure, non-living substance found in the rocks of the earth

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11
Q

examples of metallic minerals

A

cobalt, iron, uranium, zinc

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12
Q

examples of fossil fuels

A

coal, natural gas, oil

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13
Q

examples of industrial minerals

A

asbestos, gravel, gypsum, salt

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14
Q

what is a mineral reserve?

A

mineral deposits that are economical to mine are called mineral reserves (based off of the size and value of the mineral)

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15
Q

what steps are used by mining companies to discover and develop an ore body?

A
  • ore bodies containing nickel, iron, and copper produce a powerful magnetic field so they can be detected using a magnetometer, an instrument towed by an airplane that shows approximate size and shape of an ore body
  • satellite images and aerial photos tell geologists a lot about an area’s geologic structure
  • all information is collected, analyzed, and presented using a GIS (geographic information system)
  • much of the data that is needed can only be collected by going into the bush or tundra
    > variety of techniques to collect data - collect rock samples for analysis in the field and in the lab
    > test soil in river beds for chemicals that could have eroded from nearby ore bodies
    > some minerals are radio active so they can be detected using a Geiger Counter
  • if the findings up until this point look promising, the next step would be to drill into the earth to get samples of the ore body itself
  • then they decide whether or not the mining company will develop the mine
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16
Q

Open Pit Mining

A

mining used to extract minerals near the surface with the potential to be deeper

  1. soil/land above area is removed
  2. explosives are put into drilled holes 10-15 meters apart which blasts apart the rocks
  3. large trucks are loaded with the ore using large shovels
  4. the ore is taken to storage sites near the mill
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17
Q

Underground Mining

A

used to extract mineral ores located deep in the earth

  1. miners use a cage, or elevator, to go from the head-frame to the desired depth
  2. explosives fill drilled holes in the rock face of the stope
  3. an electric charge sets off the explosive, blasting the rock apart
  4. miners test the walls and ceiling after the blast and rock bolts and timber supports are added to prop up the weaker areas
  5. front-end loaders/small trains carry muck (blasted rock) to a central underground location and the muck is dropped down an ore pass to the crusher
  6. after the muck is crushed, it is loaded onto a skip, or hoist, which lifts the ore to the surface
  7. ore is then taken to a storage site near the mill
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18
Q

milling (takes place at the mill)

A

the mill starts the process of purifying the mineral by separating it from waste rock - this process makes the metal concentrated but far from pure

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19
Q

how are waste materials (tailings) disposed of?

A

tailing are dumped into tailing ponds within dikes which are designed to prevent the mine waste from seeping into the nearby lakes and rivers. it is then treated with fertilizers and other chemicals to allow trees and grasses to grow.

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19
Q

smelting (takes place at the furnace)

A

the ore concentrate and a substance called flux are melted together in a furnace. the flux joins with waste rock to form slag which is lighter than the liquid metal so it rises to the top then the almost pure metal is poured into molds

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20
Q

what provinces are most metallic minerals found in?

A

Ontario, Quebec, BC

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21
Q

what provinces are fossil fuels most found in?

A

Alberta, BC, Saskatchewan

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22
Q

what provinces are industrial minerals most found in?

A

Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan

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23
Q

what are Canada’s conventional sources of energy?

A

1) flowing water
2) fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil, uranium)

24
Q

in what ways is electrical energy generated?

A

1) flowing water
2) burning fossil fuels >(coal, oil, natural gas)
3) nuclear energy

25
Q

why does Canada have such a high demand for energy?

A

1) vast distances
2) cold northern latitude
3) high standard of living

26
Q

what concerns are associated with hydro-electricity?

A

1) environmental destruction
2) loss of habitat for animals

27
Q

what concerns are associated with nuclear energy?

A

1) handling of nuclear waste
2) storage of nuclear waste
3) disposal of nuclear waste

28
Q

what concerns are associated with coal?

A

1) air quality
2) mines are difficult to maintain

29
Q

what are the environmental effects of burning oil?

A

1) air pollution
2) global warming

30
Q

what is biomass and what are some examples?

A

Biomass - plant material, vegetation, human, or agricultural waste used as a fuel or energy source

biomass is burned to produce heat and electricity

types of biomass: wood, crops, garbage, landfill gas, alcohol fuels

30
Q

solar energy and it benefits

A

heat from the sun is converted to electricity through photovoltaic cells
benefits:
can be used to provide electricity to homes and small scale needs (ex. traffic signs)
the use of solar energy in combination with another alternative energy source creates a cleaner environment

31
Q

wind energy and its negatives

A

turbines convert wind power into electricity - cost effective, no pollution
negative impacts:
location may interfere with bird migration
require huge spaces

32
Q

what element is most commonly used in solar panels?

A

silicon

32
Q

how long can solar cells last for?

A

solar cells can last for decades

32
Q

what is a photon

A

a photon is a tiny particle that makes up light

32
Q

what side of the junction has more electrons?

A

the N type silicone

33
Q

how efficient are solar cells on average?

A

the most efficient solar cells convert 46% of available sunlight to energy while most commercial systems currently convert 15-20% of sunlight to energy

34
Q

how many people do not have access to a reliable electric grid?

A

1 billion people

35
Q

Which parts of the world may have the most difficulty utilizing solar panels for electricity?

A

places such as Finland and Seattle

36
Q

What happens when the air gets squeezed by the mountains and hills?

A

air has to rise and speed up when it is squeezed by the mountains and hills

36
Q

How many old turbines can one new turbine replace?

A

around 12

37
Q

How many homes can one Mega Watt Turbine power?

A

750 homes

38
Q

Reducing the number of turbines reduces the number of bird kill. What does this mean?

A

this means that reducing the number of turbines reduces the number of birds killed

39
Q

What kind of bird is at the highest risk of the wind turbines?

A

Golden Eagles

40
Q

how are countries grouped into developed, newly industrializing, and developing?

A

countries are divided into developed, newly industrializing, and developing based on social and economic factors such life expectancy, wealth, population growth, food supply, education level, and healthcare.

41
Q

where are most developed countries located?

A

North America, Eastern Asia, North-West Europe, Australia

42
Q

where are most developing countries located?

A

Africa, parts of South America, and the Middle East

43
Q

UNICEF

A

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

provides emergency relief aid and promotes the role of children

44
Q

FAO

A

Food and Agriculture Organization

raises levels of nutrition, improve production, and distribute food

45
Q

WHO

A

World Health Organization

direct and coordinate activities, remote research, supply drugs and equipment

46
Q

What is a peacemaker?

A

a peacemaker is someone who is sent to a scene of conflict to ensure that treaties are being observed

47
Q

why is exporting important to Canada?

A

exports are important because they earn money from sports. with this money, they can pay for services and goods that are imported

48
Q

why is importing important for Canada?

A

importing is important to Canada because we need materials that are not made here (ex. sugar, coffee, high tech products, plastics, shoes, and vehicles)

49
Q

trade in services

A

trade in service means a trade that another country offers (travel, business services, transportation services)

50
Q

GATT

A

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

51
Q

what is the purpose of GATT

A

Gatt is used to agree on a set of rules to govern and encourage trade. when WTO was created, disputes were resolved regarding the laws of GATT

51
Q

culture

A

culture refers to a way of life, the broader view. it also refers to the more narrow idea which means things like the arts, environment, and the media

52
Q

Canadian Culture

A

healthcare system
hockey
history/geography
the CBC and Radio-Canada
living conditions
tolerance of people of different races
national culture
fear of the United States
bilingualism

g e o g r a p h y - Galli (4 decks)

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