UNIT 4

Question 1

“The creation of a home market is not only necessary to procure for our agriculture a just reward of its labors, but it is indispensable to obtain a supply of our necessary wants. . . . Suppose no actual abandonment of farming, but, what is most likely, a gradual and imperceptible employment of population in the business of manufacturing, instead of being compelled to resort to agriculture. . . . Is any part of our common country likely to be injured by a transfer of the theatre of [manufacturing] for our own consumption from Europe to America?

“. . . Suppose it were even true that Great Britain had abolished all restrictions upon trade, and allowed the freest introduction of the [products] of foreign labor, would that prove it unwise for us to adopt the protecting system? The object of protection is the establishment and perfection of the [manufacturing] arts. In England it, has accomplished its purpose, fulfilled its end. . . . The adoption of the restrictive system, on the part of the United States, by excluding the [products] of foreign labor, would extend the [purchasing] of American [products], unable, in the infancy and unprotected state of the arts, to sustain a competition with foreign fabrics. Let our arts breathe under the shade of protection; let them be perfected as they are in England, and [then] we shall be ready . . . to put aside protection, and enter upon the freest exchanges.”

Henry Clay, speaker of the House of Representatives, speech in Congress, 1824

The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following in the early 1800s?

Answer 1

The political debates over economic development

Question 2

“Resolved, That woman is man’s equal….

“Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs… have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere… assigned her.

“Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise.

“Resolved,… That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means.”

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848

The language and themes of the excerpt were most directly inspired by the

Answer 2

Declaration of Independece

Question 2

“Resolved, That woman is man’s equal….

“Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs… have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere… assigned her.

“Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise.

“Resolved,… That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means.”

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848

Which other “righteous cause” would participants in the Seneca Falls Convention have been most likely to support?

Answer 2

Abolitionism

Question 3

“The creation of a home market is not only necessary to procure for our agriculture a just reward of its labors, but it is indispensable to obtain a supply of our necessary wants. . . . Suppose no actual abandonment of farming, but, what is most likely, a gradual and imperceptible employment of population in the business of manufacturing, instead of being compelled to resort to agriculture. . . . Is any part of our common country likely to be injured by a transfer of the theatre of [manufacturing] for our own consumption from Europe to America?

“. . . Suppose it were even true that Great Britain had abolished all restrictions upon trade, and allowed the freest introduction of the [products] of foreign labor, would that prove it unwise for us to adopt the protecting system? The object of protection is the establishment and perfection of the [manufacturing] arts. In England it, has accomplished its purpose, fulfilled its end. . . . The adoption of the restrictive system, on the part of the United States, by excluding the [products] of foreign labor, would extend the [purchasing] of American [products], unable, in the infancy and unprotected state of the arts, to sustain a competition with foreign fabrics. Let our arts breathe under the shade of protection; let them be perfected as they are in England, and [then] we shall be ready . . . to put aside protection, and enter upon the freest exchanges.”

Henry Clay, speaker of the House of Representatives, speech in Congress, 1824

Which of the following was an interpretation of the speech by opponents of the goals Clay expressed in the excerpt?

Answer 3

Clay’s manufacturing plan would benefit one section of the country more than others.

Question 4

“As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the… basis for social improvement…. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products.”

Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, published in 2007

Which of the following most directly made possible the ideas described in the excerpt?

Answer 4

Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, and interchangeable parts

Question 5

“The river Missouri, and the Indians inhabiting it, are not as well known as is rendered desirable by their connection with the Mississippi, and consequently with us. It is, however, understood, that the country on that river is inhabited by numerous tribes, who furnish great supplies of furs and peltry to the trade of another nation. . . . An intelligent officer, with ten or twelve chosen men, fit for the enterprise . . . might explore the whole line, even to the Western Ocean, have conferences with the natives on the subject of commercial intercourse . . . agree on convenient deposits for an interchange of articles, and return with the information acquired. . . . While other civilized nations have encountered great expense to enlarge the boundaries of knowledge by undertaking voyages of discovery . . . our nation seems to owe to the same object, as well as to its own interests, to explore this, the only line of easy communication across the continent, and so directly traversing our own part of it. The interests of commerce place the principal object within the constitutional powers and care of Congress. . . . The appropriation of two thousand five hundred dollars, ‘for the purpose of extending the external commerce of the United States,’ . . . would cover the undertaking from notice.”

President Thomas Jefferson, secret message to Congress, January 1803

The immediate diplomatic goal Jefferson sought through his proposal in the excerpt was most likely

Answer 5

extending United States influence over North America

Question 5

“As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the… basis for social improvement…. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products.”

Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, published in 2007

The ideas described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

Answer 5

More Americans producing goods for national markets

Question 6

“The river Missouri, and the Indians inhabiting it, are not as well known as is rendered desirable by their connection with the Mississippi, and consequently with us. It is, however, understood, that the country on that river is inhabited by numerous tribes, who furnish great supplies of furs and peltry to the trade of another nation. . . . An intelligent officer, with ten or twelve chosen men, fit for the enterprise . . . might explore the whole line, even to the Western Ocean, have conferences with the natives on the subject of commercial intercourse . . . agree on convenient deposits for an interchange of articles, and return with the information acquired. . . . While other civilized nations have encountered great expense to enlarge the boundaries of knowledge by undertaking voyages of discovery . . . our nation seems to owe to the same object, as well as to its own interests, to explore this, the only line of easy communication across the continent, and so directly traversing our own part of it. The interests of commerce place the principal object within the constitutional powers and care of Congress. . . . The appropriation of two thousand five hundred dollars, ‘for the purpose of extending the external commerce of the United States,’ . . . would cover the undertaking from notice.”

President Thomas Jefferson, secret message to Congress, January 1803

The fulfillment of the proposal in the excerpt would most immediately affect American Indians by

Answer 6

prompting American Indian resistance to United States expansion and bringing about new federal government efforts focused on control

Question 7

“The river Missouri, and the Indians inhabiting it, are not as well known as is rendered desirable by their connection with the Mississippi, and consequently with us. It is, however, understood, that the country on that river is inhabited by numerous tribes, who furnish great supplies of furs and peltry to the trade of another nation. . . . An intelligent officer, with ten or twelve chosen men, fit for the enterprise . . . might explore the whole line, even to the Western Ocean, have conferences with the natives on the subject of commercial intercourse . . . agree on convenient deposits for an interchange of articles, and return with the information acquired. . . . While other civilized nations have encountered great expense to enlarge the boundaries of knowledge by undertaking voyages of discovery . . . our nation seems to owe to the same object, as well as to its own interests, to explore this, the only line of easy communication across the continent, and so directly traversing our own part of it. The interests of commerce place the principal object within the constitutional powers and care of Congress. . . . The appropriation of two thousand five hundred dollars, ‘for the purpose of extending the external commerce of the United States,’ . . . would cover the undertaking from notice.”

President Thomas Jefferson, secret message to Congress, January 1803

The fulfillment of Jefferson’s proposal in the excerpt would be used to support which of the following executive acts?

Answer 7

The purchase of the Louisiana territory from France

Question 8

The graph above refutes which of the following statements?

Answer 8

Most southern families held slaves.

Question 9

“We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain… that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities…are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State….”

South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832

The excerpt most directly expresses an economic perspective that

Answer 9

prioritized regional interests

Question 10

“We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain… that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities…are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State….”

South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832

The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger intellectual debate over the

Answer 10

relationship between the federal government and the states

Question 11

“Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. … It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness.”

— Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845

“Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce … slavery ‘the great sin and shame of America’!”

— Frederick Douglass, speech titled “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,” 1852

The excerpt from James Henry Hammond is most clearly an example of which of the following developments in the mid-19th century?

Answer 11

The growing tendency among Southern slaveholders to justify slavery as a positive good

Question 12

“Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. … It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness.”

— Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845

“Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce … slavery ‘the great sin and shame of America’!”

— Frederick Douglass, speech titled “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,” 1852

Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of Frederick Douglass in the excerpt?

Answer 12

Nothern Abolitionists

Question 13

The development of the canals depicted on the map most directly resulted from which of the following?

Answer 13

The Market Revolution

Question 14

The construction of canals depicted on the map most directly contributed to which of the following changes?

Answer 14

The development of new towns and cities

Question 15

The construction of canals depicted on the map most directly led to which of the following?

Answer 15

A strengthening of economic ties between the Northeast and the Midwest

Question 16

“It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, . . . yet some differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of one country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. . . . But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs. Thus the . . . feudal system of England originated terms which formed . . . a necessary part of the language of that country; but, in the United States, many of these terms are no part of our present language,—and they cannot be, for the things which they express do not exist in this country. . . . The institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms or to new applications of old terms, unknown to the people of England; which cannot be explained by them and which will not be inserted in their dictionaries, unless copied from ours. . . . No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate, and assembly, court, [etc.] for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country.”

Noah Webster, “Preface,” An American Dictionary of the English Language, 1828

The historical concept of the American identity, as characterized in the excerpt, was most clearly distinguished from the identities of other nations by the

Answer 16

importance of liberal ideas about natural rights and liberties

Question 17

“It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, . . . yet some differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of one country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. . . . But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs. Thus the . . . feudal system of England originated terms which formed . . . a necessary part of the language of that country; but, in the United States, many of these terms are no part of our present language,—and they cannot be, for the things which they express do not exist in this country. . . . The institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms or to new applications of old terms, unknown to the people of England; which cannot be explained by them and which will not be inserted in their dictionaries, unless copied from ours. . . . No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate, and assembly, court, [etc.] for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country.”

Noah Webster, “Preface,” An American Dictionary of the English Language, 1828

The excerpt best reflects which of the following historical situations in the early 1800s?

Answer 17

The emergence of a new and distinctive American culture

Question 18

“The great increase of drunkenness, within the last half century, among the people of the United States, led a number of philanthropic individuals . . . to consult together, upon the duty of making more united, systematic, and extended efforts for the prevention of this evil. Its cause was at once seen to be, the use of intoxicating liquor; and its appropriate remedy, abstinence. It was also known, that the use of such liquor, as a beverage, is not only needless, but injurious to the health, the virtue, and the happiness of men. It was believed, that the facts which had been . . . collected would prove this . . . ; and that if the knowledge of them were universally disseminated it would, with the divine blessing, do much toward changing the habits of the nation. . . . [The American Temperance Society’s] object is . . . the exertion of kind moral influence . . . to effect such a change of sentiment and practice, that drunkenness and all its evils will cease.”

Introduction to a book of reports from the American Temperance Society, 1835

Which of the following evidence was used by the American Temperance Society in the excerpt to explain why people would join the temperance movement?

Answer 18

The use of specific studies would convince people to believe the movement’s goals.

Question 19

“A bank of the United States is in many respects convenient for the Government and useful to the people. Entertaining this opinion, and deeply impressed with the belief that some of the powers and privileges possessed by the existing bank are unauthorized by the Constitution, subversive of the rights of the States, and dangerous to the liberties of the people, I felt it my duty at an early period of my Administration to call the attention of Congress to the practicability of organizing an institution combining all its advantages and obviating [removing] these objections. I sincerely regret that in the act before me I can perceive none of those modifications of the bank charter which are necessary, in my opinion, to make it compatible with justice, with sound policy, or with the Constitution of our country. . . .

“Experience should teach us wisdom. Most of the difficulties our Government now encounters and most of the dangers which impend over our Union have sprung from an abandonment of the legitimate objects of Government by our national legislation. . . . Many of our rich men have not been content with equal protection and equal benefits, but have besought us to make them richer by act of Congress. By attempting to gratify their desires we have in the results of our legislation arrayed section against section, interest against interest, and man against man, in a fearful commotion which threatens to shake the foundations of our Union.”

President Andrew Jackson, Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States, 1832

Which of the following factors best supports the argument in the excerpt?

Answer 19

The debates over the federal government’s proper role had intensified during the early nineteenth century.

Question 20

“A bank of the United States is in many respects convenient for the Government and useful to the people. Entertaining this opinion, and deeply impressed with the belief that some of the powers and privileges possessed by the existing bank are unauthorized by the Constitution, subversive of the rights of the States, and dangerous to the liberties of the people, I felt it my duty at an early period of my Administration to call the attention of Congress to the practicability of organizing an institution combining all its advantages and obviating [removing] these objections. I sincerely regret that in the act before me I can perceive none of those modifications of the bank charter which are necessary, in my opinion, to make it compatible with justice, with sound policy, or with the Constitution of our country. . . .

“Experience should teach us wisdom. Most of the difficulties our Government now encounters and most of the dangers which impend over our Union have sprung from an abandonment of the legitimate objects of Government by our national legislation. . . . Many of our rich men have not been content with equal protection and equal benefits, but have besought us to make them richer by act of Congress. By attempting to gratify their desires we have in the results of our legislation arrayed section against section, interest against interest, and man against man, in a fearful commotion which threatens to shake the foundations of our Union.”

President Andrew Jackson, Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States, 1832

Which of the following of Jackson’s policies undermined his position as described in the excerpt?

Answer 20

Using federal power to forcibly relocate American Indian groups

Question 21

The call for the “immediate and uncompensated emancipation of the slaves” is associated with the position of

Answer 21

William Lloyd Garrison in The Liberator

Question 22

When Thomas Jefferson said in 1801, “We are all republicans – we are all federalists,” he meant that

Answer 22

the principles of American government were above party politics

Question 23

“To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government.”

Jane Addams, “Why Women Should Vote,” Ladies’ Home Journal, 1910

Addams’ ideas expressed in the excerpt have most in common with which of the following historical views about women?

Answer 23

The belief of some mid-nineteenth-century reformers that women could act as the moral voice in society

Question 24

“To the Commanders of armed vessels belonging to the United States:

“WHEREAS it is declared by the act entitled ‘An act for the protection of the commerce and seamen of the United States, against the Tripolitan cruisers,’ That it shall be lawful fully to equip, officer, man, and employ such of the armed vessels of the United States, as may be judged requisite by the President of the United States, for protecting effectually the commerce and seamen thereof, on the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas: and also, that it shall be lawful for the President of the United States to instruct the commanders of the respective public vessels, to subdue, seize, and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey [Sultan] of Tripoli [in North Africa], or to his subjects.

“THEREFORE, And in pursuance of the said statute, you are hereby authorized and directed to subdue, seize, and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey of Tripoli, or to his subjects, and to bring or send the same into port, to be proceeded against and distributed according to law.

“By command of the President of the United States of America.”

Thomas Jefferson, 1802

The rhetorical purpose expressed in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the following?

Answer 24

Using international commerce to expand United States influence

Question 25

“In exercising the power of regulating their own purely internal affairs, whether of trading or police, the states may sometimes enact laws, the validity of which depends on their interfering with, and being contrary to, an act of Congress passed in pursuance of the Constitution. . . . Should this collision exist, it will be immaterial whether those laws were passed in virtue of a concurrent power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, or in virtue of a power to regulate their domestic trade and police. . . .

“This court is of opinion that so much of the several laws of the state of New York as prohibits vessels, licensed according to the laws of the United States, from navigating the waters of the state of New York, by means of fire or steam, is repugnant to the said Constitution and void.”

United States Supreme Court, Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

Which of the following broader contexts most directly contributed to the conflict described in the excerpt?

Answer 25

The creation of a national market with increased regional interdependence

Question 26

“In exercising the power of regulating their own purely internal affairs, whether of trading or police, the states may sometimes enact laws, the validity of which depends on their interfering with, and being contrary to, an act of Congress passed in pursuance of the Constitution. . . . Should this collision exist, it will be immaterial whether those laws were passed in virtue of a concurrent power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, or in virtue of a power to regulate their domestic trade and police. . . .

“This court is of opinion that so much of the several laws of the state of New York as prohibits vessels, licensed according to the laws of the United States, from navigating the waters of the state of New York, by means of fire or steam, is repugnant to the said Constitution and void.”

United States Supreme Court, Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

The excerpt best reflects which of the following trends during the early 1800s?

Answer 26

The increased role of the judiciary in establishing a stable economic system

Question 27

“In exercising the power of regulating their own purely internal affairs, whether of trading or police, the states may sometimes enact laws, the validity of which depends on their interfering with, and being contrary to, an act of Congress passed in pursuance of the Constitution. . . . Should this collision exist, it will be immaterial whether those laws were passed in virtue of a concurrent power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, or in virtue of a power to regulate their domestic trade and police. . . .

“This court is of opinion that so much of the several laws of the state of New York as prohibits vessels, licensed according to the laws of the United States, from navigating the waters of the state of New York, by means of fire or steam, is repugnant to the said Constitution and void.”

United States Supreme Court, Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

In the 1820s, which of the following would have most strongly supported the decision in the excerpt?

Answer 27

Entrepreneurs in transportation