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Bio 221 - Ecology & Evolution > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sight stimulus

A

Light

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2
Q

Hearing stimulus

A

Sound

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3
Q

Olfaction stimulus

A

Molecules

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4
Q

Taste stimulus

A

Molecules

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5
Q

Touch stimulus

A

Contact or pressure

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6
Q

How does thermal energy sense work?

A

Aids in finding prey

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7
Q

How does magnetic field sense work?

A

Aids in navigation

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8
Q

How does electric field sense work?

A

Aid in detecting prey

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9
Q

How does barometric pressure sense work?

A

Aids in avoiding storms

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10
Q

How does the gravity sense work?

A

Aids in movement in aquatic environments

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11
Q

What are ecological roles based on?

A

What animals eat

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12
Q

What are feeding strategies based on?

A

How animals eat

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13
Q

What are the three lineages of non-bilaterian animals?

A
  1. Porifera
  2. Ctenophora
  3. Cnidaria
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14
Q

Give an example of porifera

A

Sponges

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15
Q

Porifera characteristics

A

Lack true tissues, muscles, and nerves

Most are asymmetrical

Live in marine and freshwater biomes - benthic habitats, on coral

Have spicules

Most adults are sessile (larvae swim using cilia)

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16
Q

What kind of feeders are porifera?

A

Suspension feeders

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17
Q

Give an example of Ctenophora

A

Comb jellies

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18
Q

Ctenophora characteristics

A

Radially symmetric and diploblastic

Live in marine biomes, open ocean

Gelatinous and planktonic with comb like rows of cilia used for locomotion

Single body opening

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19
Q

How are Ctenophora predators?

A

Have colloblasts which are long, tentacles with specialized sticky cells, used to catch prey

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20
Q

Give examples of Cnidaria

A

Jellyfish
Corals
Anemones
Hydroids

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21
Q

Cnidaria characteristics

A

Radially symmetric and diploblastic

Live in marine and freshwater biomes

Have a single body opening

Have a nerve net

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22
Q

How are cnidaria predators?

A

They have cnidocytes which are specialized stinging cells used to prey capture

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23
Q

Match the animals with their feeding strategies
1. Vulture
2. Black bear
3. Wolverine
4. Deer

A
  1. Detritivore
  2. Omnivore
  3. Carnivore
  4. Herbivore
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24
Q

Match the animals with their feeding strategies
1. Earthworms
2. Clams
3. Butterflies
4. Elephants

A
  1. Deposit feeder
  2. Suspension feeders
  3. Fluid feeder
  4. mass feeder
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25
Q

What is some evidence that supports the division of bilaterians into protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

Molecular evidence

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26
Q

How do lophotrochozoan grow?

A

Incrementally by molting

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27
Q

What are some Rotifer characteristics?

A

Coelom

Suspension feeders with a corona - cluster of cilia at the anterior end

Some sessile; most swim via beating cilia

Restricted to aquatic environments and damp soils in terrestrial environments

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28
Q

What are some characteristics of Platyhelminthes?

A

Lack a coelom and structures specialized for gas exchange and circulation of oxygen/nutrients

bodies have a high surface area : volume ratio

Restricted to aquatic and moist terrestrial environments

Free living turbellarians
Tapeworms

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29
Q

What are some characteristics of Annelida?

A

Segmented bodies

Chaetae - bristle like extensions from the parapodia

Have a coelom & fully developed digestive tract (both mouth and anus)

Live in aquatic and moist terrestrial environments

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30
Q

What are some characteristics of a Mollusca?

A

Foot

Visceral Mass

Mantle

Aquatic and terrestrial biomes

Waves of muscle contractions sweep along the foot, allowing crawling

Can have modified feet = tentacles

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of Nematoda?

A

Unsegmented worms with a pseudocoelom

Thick, elastic cuticle molted during growth

Gas exchange occurs across the body wall and nutrients move by diffusion

Free-living and parasites

Aquatic and terrestrial biomes

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of Tardigrada?

A

Microscopic animals with a segmented body and segmented limbs

8 legs - 3 pairs for movement and one pair for grabbing

Flexible cuticle molted during growth

Found in aquatic and moist terrestrial environments

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33
Q

What are characteristics of Arthropoda?

A

Segmented body

Exoskeleton

Jointed appendages

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34
Q

What is incomplete metamorphosis?

A

Juveniles and nymphs look like smaller versions of the adult

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35
Q

What is complete metamorphosis?

A

Distinct larval stage that looks different than the adult

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36
Q

What “attributes” would support a hypothesis that an animal discovered is an Ecdysozoan and not a Lophotrochozoan?

A
  1. Bilaterally symmetrical
  2. Segmented
  3. Grows by molting
  4. Tuft ringing the mouth
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37
Q

What are some characteristics of echinodermata?

A

Bilateral symmetry in larvae

Radial symmetry in adults

Endoskeleton

Water vascular system

Tube feed

In marine biomes

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38
Q

What are some characteristics of chordata?

A

Pharyngeal slits/ouches

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Notochord

Post-anal tail

Aquatic and terrestrial environments

Vertebrates

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39
Q

What are some examples of vertebrates?

A

Hagfishes
Lampreys
Sharks
Rays
Bony fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals

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40
Q

What is the significance of jaws?

A

Diversified eating abilities

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41
Q

What is the significance of limbs?

A

Played a big part in shifting from aquatic to terrestrial environments

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42
Q

What is the significance of the amniotic egg?

A

Shift from aquatic to terrestrial environments

43
Q

Why is a platypus that lays egg and has a leathery, duck-like beak categorized as a mammal?

A

It is an endotherm
Females lactate and nurse their young
Exhibits parental care
It lays an amniotic egg

44
Q

Talk about trade-offs

A

Compromises between incompatible things
Occur at the level of the individual
Fitness trade-offs

45
Q

Talk about energy allocation

A

There is a limited about of energy and limited resource to allocate to multiple needs

46
Q

Structure correlates with. . .

A

Function

47
Q

Diversity of mouthparts

A

Variety of forms that enabled animals to exploit different food sources

Natural selection acts strongly on mouthparts because obtaining foot and nutrients is necessary for survival

48
Q

Diversity of tracts

A

Diversified to enable animals to exploit a diversity of food sources

49
Q

______ have relatively larger/longer gut lengths

A

Herbivores

50
Q

How do the teeth of herbivores differ than the teeth of carnivores?

A

Herbivores have more premolars and molars than carnivores

Carnivores have larger canine teeth (than herbivores)

Omnivores have in between teeth patterns

51
Q

Many of the structures and processes observed in animals can be interpreted as mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis with respect to. . .

A

pH

temperature

Ca 2+ concentration

52
Q

How does heat flow?

A

From regions of higher temperature to regions of lower ones

53
Q

What is a food web?

A

A summary of some or all of the consumption interactions in a community

A combination of overlapping food chains

Involve transfer of energy from one organism to another

A measure of community structure

54
Q

What do primary producers do?

A

Transform energy in sunlight or inorganic compounds into the chemical energy stored in sugars

55
Q

Talk about energy flow via biomass consumption

A

Energy flows through an ecosystem as one organism eats another

Solar energy is transformed into chemical energy by primary producers

From there it is transferred to primary consumers and decomposers

Primary producer down to decomposer

Primary producer - - -> primary consumer - - -> secondary consumer - - -> tertiary consumer

56
Q

What is the percent efficiency?

A

10%

57
Q

What is the stem responsible for?

A

Transport of water

Transport of sugar

Transport of nutrients

All through vascular tissue

58
Q

Where is dermal tissue found?

A

On the outside

59
Q

Where is the vascular tissue system located?

A

Internally

60
Q

Meristematic tissue contains undifferentiated cells that can. . .

A

Undergo mitosis

61
Q

Vascular tissue includes. . .

A
  1. Xylem
  2. Phloem
62
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A

Anchorage

Absorption

Conduction

Storage

63
Q

What aspects of plants facilitates absorption of water and nutrients?

A

Relatively high surface area to volume ratio

64
Q

How do fibrous root systems form?

A

Main root system develops from roots that arise from the stem

65
Q

Differences in rooting depth ___________ competition for water and nutrients in grassland species

A

minimizes

66
Q

Plants with taproot systems tend to be better at accessing water/nutrients in __________ soil

A

deeper

67
Q

Plants with fibrous root systems tend to be better at accessing water/nutrients in __________ soil

A

shallower

68
Q

What type of root system is better at preventing erosion?

A

Fibrous root system

69
Q

Describe the modification - waterlogged soils

A

Shallower roots

70
Q

Describe the modification - dry soils

A

Deeper soils

71
Q

Describe the modification - patches of nutrient rich soils

A

More roots

72
Q

What are functions of the root cap?

A

Protects the apical meristem

Sense gravity and determine the direction of growth

Synthesizes and secretes a slimy substance that reduces friction as root moves through the soil

73
Q

Root hairs are ___________ cells

A

epidermal

74
Q

What are the functions of root hairs?

A

Absorption of water and nutrients

Root hairs have a high surface area to volume ratio

75
Q

Describe morphological diversity in the shoot system

A

Variation in size and shape that allows plants of different species to harvest light at different locations

76
Q

What is an affect or morphological diversity?

A

Reduces competition

77
Q

What are the function of stems?

A

Support

Conduction

Generate new tissue

Storage

78
Q

Plants have __________ growth

A

indeterminate

79
Q

Where are apical meristems located?

A

Tips of roots & shots

80
Q

What are the types of plant growth?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
81
Q

What are the types of bark?

A
  1. Inner bark
  2. Outer bark
  3. Dog bark
  4. Brown bark
82
Q

What is the function of inner bark?

A

Conduction of amino acids
Conduction of sugar
Conduction of hormones
Conduction of other substances

83
Q

The secondary phloem makes up the. . .

A

inner bark

84
Q

What is the function of the outer bark?

A

Protection from pathogens

Preventing water loss

85
Q

What are the functions of wood?

A

Conduction of water

Structural support

86
Q

The secondary xylem is also known as. . .

A

wood

87
Q

What are the two types of wood discussed in class?

A
  1. Sapwood
  2. Heartwood
88
Q

What is the function of leaves?

A

Photosynthesis

89
Q

What are some types of leaves?

A

Simple leaf
Compound leaf
Doubly compound leaf
Needle like leaf

90
Q

What are the functions of trichomes?

A

Deter herbivores
Trap insects
Reflect sunlight
Reduce water loss

91
Q

What resources do animals provide for humans?

A

Food
Materials
Transportation
Power
Medicinal values
Pharmaceuticals
Assistance

92
Q

What is an ecosystem services animals provide?

A

Pollination

93
Q

Animals can transmit. . .

A

disease

94
Q

All animals are ___________ eukaryotes

A

multicellular

95
Q

All animals except ________
have neurons (nerve cells) and muscle cells

A

Sponges

96
Q

What is the difference between diploblasts and triploblasts?

A

The number of tissues

97
Q

What are the consequences of multicellularity?

A

Cell specialization

Organisms can grow larger

98
Q

An ectoderm gives rise to. . .

A

the skin
the nervous system

99
Q

An endotherm gives rise to. . .

A

the lining of the digestive tract
organs that connect to the digestive tracts

100
Q

The mesoderm gives rise to the. . .

A

circulatory system
muscle
internal structures

101
Q

What is the consequence of muscle?

A

Movement

102
Q

What are the consequences of a body plan with cephalization and a central nervous system?

A

Rapid movement

Direct movement

Rapid hunting

Direct hunting

103
Q
A

Bio 221 - Ecology & Evolution (7 decks)

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