Unit 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Sight stimulus
A
Light
2
Q
Hearing stimulus
A
Sound
3
Q
Olfaction stimulus
A
Molecules
4
Q
Taste stimulus
A
Molecules
5
Q
Touch stimulus
A
Contact or pressure
6
Q
How does thermal energy sense work?
A
Aids in finding prey
7
Q
How does magnetic field sense work?
A
Aids in navigation
8
Q
How does electric field sense work?
A
Aid in detecting prey
9
Q
How does barometric pressure sense work?
A
Aids in avoiding storms
10
Q
How does the gravity sense work?
A
Aids in movement in aquatic environments
11
Q
What are ecological roles based on?
A
What animals eat
12
Q
What are feeding strategies based on?
A
How animals eat
13
Q
What are the three lineages of non-bilaterian animals?
A
- Porifera
- Ctenophora
- Cnidaria
14
Q
Give an example of porifera
A
Sponges
15
Q
Porifera characteristics
A
Lack true tissues, muscles, and nerves
Most are asymmetrical
Live in marine and freshwater biomes - benthic habitats, on coral
Have spicules
Most adults are sessile (larvae swim using cilia)
16
Q
What kind of feeders are porifera?
A
Suspension feeders
17
Q
Give an example of Ctenophora
A
Comb jellies
18
Q
Ctenophora characteristics
A
Radially symmetric and diploblastic
Live in marine biomes, open ocean
Gelatinous and planktonic with comb like rows of cilia used for locomotion
Single body opening
19
Q
How are Ctenophora predators?
A
Have colloblasts which are long, tentacles with specialized sticky cells, used to catch prey
20
Q
Give examples of Cnidaria
A
Jellyfish
Corals
Anemones
Hydroids
21
Q
Cnidaria characteristics
A
Radially symmetric and diploblastic
Live in marine and freshwater biomes
Have a single body opening
Have a nerve net
22
Q
How are cnidaria predators?
A
They have cnidocytes which are specialized stinging cells used to prey capture
23
Q
Match the animals with their feeding strategies
1. Vulture
2. Black bear
3. Wolverine
4. Deer
A
- Detritivore
- Omnivore
- Carnivore
- Herbivore
24
Q
Match the animals with their feeding strategies
1. Earthworms
2. Clams
3. Butterflies
4. Elephants
A
- Deposit feeder
- Suspension feeders
- Fluid feeder
- mass feeder
25
What is some evidence that supports the division of bilaterians into protostomes and deuterostomes?
Molecular evidence
26
How do lophotrochozoan grow?
Incrementally by molting
27
What are some Rotifer characteristics?
Coelom
Suspension feeders with a corona - cluster of cilia at the anterior end
Some sessile; most swim via beating cilia
Restricted to aquatic environments and damp soils in terrestrial environments
28
What are some characteristics of Platyhelminthes?
Lack a coelom and structures specialized for gas exchange and circulation of oxygen/nutrients
bodies have a high surface area : volume ratio
Restricted to aquatic and moist terrestrial environments
Free living turbellarians
Tapeworms
29
What are some characteristics of Annelida?
Segmented bodies
Chaetae - bristle like extensions from the parapodia
Have a coelom & fully developed digestive tract (both mouth and anus)
Live in aquatic and moist terrestrial environments
30
What are some characteristics of a Mollusca?
Foot
Visceral Mass
Mantle
Aquatic and terrestrial biomes
Waves of muscle contractions sweep along the foot, allowing crawling
Can have modified feet = tentacles
31
What are the characteristics of Nematoda?
Unsegmented worms with a pseudocoelom
Thick, elastic cuticle molted during growth
Gas exchange occurs across the body wall and nutrients move by diffusion
Free-living and parasites
Aquatic and terrestrial biomes
32
What are the characteristics of Tardigrada?
Microscopic animals with a segmented body and segmented limbs
8 legs - 3 pairs for movement and one pair for grabbing
Flexible cuticle molted during growth
Found in aquatic and moist terrestrial environments
33
What are characteristics of Arthropoda?
Segmented body
Exoskeleton
Jointed appendages
34
What is incomplete metamorphosis?
Juveniles and nymphs look like smaller versions of the adult
35
What is complete metamorphosis?
Distinct larval stage that looks different than the adult
36
What "attributes" would support a hypothesis that an animal discovered is an Ecdysozoan and not a Lophotrochozoan?
1. Bilaterally symmetrical
2. Segmented
3. Grows by molting
4. Tuft ringing the mouth
37
What are some characteristics of echinodermata?
Bilateral symmetry in larvae
Radial symmetry in adults
Endoskeleton
Water vascular system
Tube feed
In marine biomes
38
What are some characteristics of chordata?
Pharyngeal slits/ouches
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord
Post-anal tail
Aquatic and terrestrial environments
Vertebrates
39
What are some examples of vertebrates?
Hagfishes
Lampreys
Sharks
Rays
Bony fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
40
What is the significance of jaws?
Diversified eating abilities
41
What is the significance of limbs?
Played a big part in shifting from aquatic to terrestrial environments
42
What is the significance of the amniotic egg?
Shift from aquatic to terrestrial environments
43
Why is a platypus that lays egg and has a leathery, duck-like beak categorized as a mammal?
It is an endotherm
Females lactate and nurse their young
Exhibits parental care
It lays an amniotic egg
44
Talk about trade-offs
Compromises between incompatible things
Occur at the level of the individual
Fitness trade-offs
45
Talk about energy allocation
There is a limited about of energy and limited resource to allocate to multiple needs
46
Structure correlates with. . .
Function
47
Diversity of mouthparts
Variety of forms that enabled animals to exploit different food sources
Natural selection acts strongly on mouthparts because obtaining foot and nutrients is necessary for survival
48
Diversity of tracts
Diversified to enable animals to exploit a diversity of food sources
49
______ have relatively larger/longer gut lengths
Herbivores
50
How do the teeth of herbivores differ than the teeth of carnivores?
Herbivores have more premolars and molars than carnivores
Carnivores have larger canine teeth (than herbivores)
Omnivores have in between teeth patterns
51
Many of the structures and processes observed in animals can be interpreted as mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis with respect to. . .
pH
temperature
Ca 2+ concentration
52
How does heat flow?
From regions of higher temperature to regions of lower ones
53
What is a food web?
A summary of some or all of the consumption interactions in a community
A combination of overlapping food chains
Involve transfer of energy from one organism to another
A measure of community structure
54
What do primary producers do?
Transform energy in sunlight or inorganic compounds into the chemical energy stored in sugars
55
Talk about energy flow via biomass consumption
Energy flows through an ecosystem as one organism eats another
Solar energy is transformed into chemical energy by primary producers
From there it is transferred to primary consumers and decomposers
Primary producer down to decomposer
Primary producer - - -> primary consumer - - -> secondary consumer - - -> tertiary consumer
56
What is the percent efficiency?
10%
57
What is the stem responsible for?
Transport of water
Transport of sugar
Transport of nutrients
All through vascular tissue
58
Where is dermal tissue found?
On the outside
59
Where is the vascular tissue system located?
Internally
60
Meristematic tissue contains undifferentiated cells that can. . .
Undergo mitosis
61
Vascular tissue includes. . .
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
62
What are the functions of roots?
Anchorage
Absorption
Conduction
Storage
63
What aspects of plants facilitates absorption of water and nutrients?
Relatively high surface area to volume ratio
64
How do fibrous root systems form?
Main root system develops from roots that arise from the stem
65
Differences in rooting depth ___________ competition for water and nutrients in grassland species
minimizes
66
Plants with taproot systems tend to be better at accessing water/nutrients in __________ soil
deeper
67
Plants with fibrous root systems tend to be better at accessing water/nutrients in __________ soil
shallower
68
What type of root system is better at preventing erosion?
Fibrous root system
69
Describe the modification - waterlogged soils
Shallower roots
70
Describe the modification - dry soils
Deeper soils
71
Describe the modification - patches of nutrient rich soils
More roots
72
What are functions of the root cap?
Protects the apical meristem
Sense gravity and determine the direction of growth
Synthesizes and secretes a slimy substance that reduces friction as root moves through the soil
73
Root hairs are ___________ cells
epidermal
74
What are the functions of root hairs?
Absorption of water and nutrients
Root hairs have a high surface area to volume ratio
75
Describe morphological diversity in the shoot system
Variation in size and shape that allows plants of different species to harvest light at different locations
76
What is an affect or morphological diversity?
Reduces competition
77
What are the function of stems?
Support
Conduction
Generate new tissue
Storage
78
Plants have __________ growth
indeterminate
79
Where are apical meristems located?
Tips of roots & shots
80
What are the types of plant growth?
1. Primary
2. Secondary
81
What are the types of bark?
1. Inner bark
2. Outer bark
3. Dog bark
4. Brown bark
82
What is the function of inner bark?
Conduction of amino acids
Conduction of sugar
Conduction of hormones
Conduction of other substances
83
The secondary phloem makes up the. . .
inner bark
84
What is the function of the outer bark?
Protection from pathogens
Preventing water loss
85
What are the functions of wood?
Conduction of water
Structural support
86
The secondary xylem is also known as. . .
wood
87
What are the two types of wood discussed in class?
1. Sapwood
2. Heartwood
88
What is the function of leaves?
Photosynthesis
89
What are some types of leaves?
Simple leaf
Compound leaf
Doubly compound leaf
Needle like leaf
90
What are the functions of trichomes?
Deter herbivores
Trap insects
Reflect sunlight
Reduce water loss
91
What resources do animals provide for humans?
Food
Materials
Transportation
Power
Medicinal values
Pharmaceuticals
Assistance
92
What is an ecosystem services animals provide?
Pollination
93
Animals can transmit. . .
disease
94
All animals are ___________ eukaryotes
multicellular
95
All animals except ________
have neurons (nerve cells) and muscle cells
Sponges
96
What is the difference between diploblasts and triploblasts?
The number of tissues
97
What are the consequences of multicellularity?
Cell specialization
Organisms can grow larger
98
An ectoderm gives rise to. . .
the skin
the nervous system
99
An endotherm gives rise to. . .
the lining of the digestive tract
organs that connect to the digestive tracts
100
The mesoderm gives rise to the. . .
circulatory system
muscle
internal structures
101
What is the consequence of muscle?
Movement
102
What are the consequences of a body plan with cephalization and a central nervous system?
Rapid movement
Direct movement
Rapid hunting
Direct hunting
103
