Unit 4 Flashcards
learning
The process of acquiring through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviours.
habituation
Habituation is a decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus.
sensitization
Sensitization is an increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus.
associative learning
Associative learning is defined as a form of learning where a subject links certain events, behavior, or stimuli together in the process of conditioning. This form of learning takes two main forms: classical conditioning operant conditioning
classical conditioning
In classical conditioning, we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events.
stimulus
A stimulus is any event or situation that evokes a response.
respondent behavior
This is behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
operant conditioning
In operant conditioning, we learn to associate a response (our behaviour) and its consequence (good or bad)
cognitive learning
Cognitive learning can be defined as the learning processes where individuals acquire and process information.
observational learning
One important way in which cognitive learning works is through observation. Observational learning lets us learn from others’ experiences.
unconditioned stimulus UCS
A stimulus that innately (naturally) creates a response.
unconditioned response UCR
A natural, unlearned response, to an innate, natural stimulus.
neutral stimulus NS
A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that at first elicits no response.
conditioned stimulus CS
A conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.
conditioned response CR
A response is created by a stimulus due to learning.
acquisition
Acquisition is the initial state of learning when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
extinction
Extinction is the diminished response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus no longer signals an impending unconditioned stimulus.
spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause.
generalization
Generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
discrimination
Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the UCS) and other stimuli.
delayed conditioning
The onset of the CS precedes the UCS, but they overlap just a little. This is the best situation for conditioning, especially if the time delay between the CS and UCS is short.
trace conditioning
The CS precedes the UCS and they do not overlap. The longer time delay between the CS and UCS, the more difficult the conditioning is.
simultaneous Conditioning
The CS and UCS occur at the same time. Little or no conditioning takes place because the CS doesn’t predict the UCS at all in this situation.
backward conditioning
The CS follows the UCS. Little or no conditioning takes place, unless the response is biologically predisposed.
higher-order conditioning
Through higher-order conditioning (also known as second-order conditioning), a new NS can become a new CS without the presence of a UCS. All that’s required is for it to become associated with a previously conditioned stimulus.
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.
John B. Watson
John B. Watson was an American psychologist who popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism, establishing it as a psychological school.
operant conditioning
In operant conditioning, we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence.
law of effect
Edward Thorndike’s law that stated that behaviours followed by favourable consequences became more likely, and that behaviors that followed unfavourable consequences became less likely.
operant chamber (Skinner box)
The box has a bar or lever than an animal presses, or a key or disc that an animal pecks, to release a reward of food or water. It also has a device that records these responses. It was in this box that Skinner could cause animals to learn to associate particular behaviours with rewards through
the process of reinforcement.
shaping
Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers (rewards) guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
discriminative stimulus
A discriminative stimulus is any stimulus that provides an organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.