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biology 197 > UNIT 4 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

neurons that receive information and pass it along

A

sensory neurons

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2
Q

neurons that act as an intermediate by conducting a signal from sensory neurons

A

interneurons

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3
Q

neurons that affect physiological change or movement in response to signal from sensory neurons

A

motor neurons

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4
Q

neurons that are often supported by helper cells

A

glial cells

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5
Q

clusters of neuron cell bodies that act as a signal processing point

A

ganglia

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6
Q

where signal from dendrite is summed at

A

axon hillock

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7
Q

transmits neuron signal

A

axon

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8
Q

part of neuron that receives signal

A

dendrite

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9
Q

narrow gap between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another

A

synaptic cleft

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10
Q

the entire structure of the presynaptic axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic dendrite

A

synapse

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11
Q

an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves

A

myelin sheath

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12
Q

part of nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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13
Q

part of nervous system that comprises cranial and spinal nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

direct activation of a motor neuron by a signal from a sensory neuron

A

simple reflex

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15
Q

region of the retina where the sharpest focus of the image will occur

A

fovea

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16
Q

light receptor proteins that react to photons of light and change their shape

A

opsins

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17
Q

detects color and more precise focus of images

A

cones

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18
Q

detects gray but are better at detecting movement

A

rods

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19
Q

muscles involved in movement

A

skeletal muscles

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20
Q

fibrous cells found in the heart

A

cardiac muscle

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21
Q

muscles that perform involuntary and frequent functions

A

smooth muscles

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22
Q

bones begin as ______ and calcify over time

A

cartilage

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23
Q

____ _____ of bones expands cartilage

A

growth plates

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24
Q

bones also act as storehouse for ________

A

calcium

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25
Q

the air or water is passed over the respiratory surfaces by a process called what

A

ventilation

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26
Q

network of tubes that branch throughout the body

A

tracheal systems

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27
Q

Muscular organ that pumps blood through blood vessels

A

Heart

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28
Q

Blood vessels that take blood from the heart towards capillary beds

A

Arteries

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29
Q

Smaller branches of arteries

A

Arterioles

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30
Q

Blood vessels that pump blood from capillary beds to heart

A

Veins

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31
Q

Smaller branches of veins

A

Venules

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32
Q

Collects blood from veins

A

Atrium

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33
Q

Pumps blood to arteries

A

Ventricle

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34
Q

Deoxygenated blood collects in the ________

A

Right atrium

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35
Q

molecules recognized by an immune system

A

antigen

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36
Q

molecules produced by the immune system that bind to antigens

A

immunoglobulins

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37
Q

immunity that you are born with. doesn’t recognize individual types of bacteria, just distinguish between self and not self

A

innate immunity

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38
Q

immunity that depends on specific traits of a particular pathogen

A

adaptive response

39
Q

molecular pedestal on which cells present antigens

A

major histocompatability complelx (MHC)

40
Q

all nucleate cells produce antigens of small proteins found inside cell

A

MHC class I

41
Q

only professional antigen presenting cells produce and it is used to present antigens from pathogen and that was taken up by phagocytosis

A

MHC class II

42
Q

large phagocytic ccell

A

macrophages

43
Q

most common antigen presenting cell

A

dendritic cells

44
Q

phagocytic cell that can also deliver harmful chemicals by vesicles

A

neutrophils

45
Q

cells that coordinate immune responses

A

helper T cells

46
Q

immune cells that kill cells infected with pathogens

A

cytotoxic T cells

47
Q

cells that look for cells not producing MHC I molecules and kills those cells

A

natural killer cells

48
Q

cells that produce antibodies that bind to specific antigens

A

B cells

49
Q

proteins that bind to antigens

A

antibodies

50
Q

areas where antigen presenting cells are stored

A

lymph nodes

51
Q

specialized antibody producing cell

A

plasma cell

52
Q

present antigens as purified molecules, on dead pathogens, or on pathogens that have been altered so that they cannot cause disease

A

vaccines

53
Q

organisms that extensively eat plants

A

herbivores

54
Q

organisms that extensively eat animals

A

carnivore

55
Q

organisms that eat both plants and animals

A

omnivores

56
Q

what do calories measure

A

energy

57
Q

molecules that aid in biological processes

A

vitamins

58
Q

inorganic nutrients

A

minerals

59
Q

what is the main symptom of scurvy

A

connective tissue disease

60
Q

what is rickets caused by

A

lack of vitamin D

61
Q

what are the four steps of processing food

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

62
Q

Humans perform negative pressure ventilation through the action of which particular body part?

A

diaphragm

63
Q

The presence of which mineral allows hemoglobin to bind oxygen efficiently?

A

iron

64
Q

In addition to cholesterol concentrations in the blood, what other factor plays a significant role in atherosclerosis?

A

chronic inflammation

65
Q

A blood vessel positioned to carry blood from the heart towards capillaries is called what?

A

an artery

66
Q

Which component of blood is known as leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

67
Q

Which organ in the human digestive system is involved in significant amounts of both digestion and absorption?

A

small intestine

68
Q

Which accessory organ serves as a storage space for bile?

A

gallbladder

69
Q

Which of the neuron types is involved in passing along signals generated by other neurons and in processing information?

A

interneurons

70
Q

Which of the neuron types is associated with muscle cells and plays a part in movement?

A

motor neurons

71
Q

Which part of a neuron has receptors that receive external signals?

A

dendrites

72
Q

Humans have taste buds that detect how many distinct flavors?

A

5

73
Q

What is the region of the retina that has a high concentration of cones and provides the clearest focused vision?

A

fovea

74
Q

Which of the types of muscle tissue is typically involved in slow, gradual, involuntary muscle contractions?

A

smooth muscle

75
Q

Which protein that is important in the cytoskeleton of animal cells is essential in muscle contraction?

A

actin

76
Q

signaling molecules that act as ligands to cell receptors

A

hormones

77
Q

proteins that serve as signaling molecules

A

polypeptides

78
Q

hormones that are synthesized from a single amino acid

A

amines

79
Q

hormones that are based on cholesterol and have four ring structures

A

steroids

80
Q

regulates sleep patterns

A

pineal gland

81
Q

closely associated structurally and functionally with the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

82
Q

hormones from the hypothalamus regulate ______ activity

A

pituitary

83
Q

divided into anterior and posterior function and has a wide range of effects across multiple systems

A

pituitary gland

84
Q

main regulator of metabolic function

A

thyroid gland

85
Q

_____ disorders can cause too high or too low metabolism

A

thyroid

86
Q

adjacent to the thyroid gland and works with the thyroid to regulate calcium

A

parathyroid

87
Q

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal glands

88
Q

glands responsible for fight or flight responses and regulating reabsorption of Na+ and K+ in kidneys

A

adrenal glands

89
Q

plays a role in digestion and secretes insulin

A

pancreas

90
Q

involved in the growth of uterine lining during pregnancy

A

progestins

91
Q

produces androgens

A

testes

92
Q

extension of the hypothalamus and secretes neurohormones

A

posterior pituitary

93
Q

unique gland that is regulated by hormones released by the hypothalamus

A

anterior pituitary

biology 197 (3 decks)

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