UNIT 2 Flashcards
the molecule that provides energy in a form that all cells can readily use to perform the work of a cell
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
the space enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane
mitochondrial matrix
the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, the first stage of cellular respiration
glycolysis
the 3rd stage of cellular respiration, in which acetyl CoA is broken down and carbon dioxide is released
citric acid cycle
a set of metabolic reactions that occurs by passing electrons along an electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor, oxygen, pumping protons across a membrane, and using the proton gradient to drive synthesis of ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
a reaction involving the loss and gain of electrons between reactions. In biological systems, these reactions are often used to store/release chemical energy
oxidation reduction reaction
a molecule that carries electrons (and energy) from one set of reactions to another
electron carriers
a way of generating ATP in which a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an organic molecule, which acts as a phosphate donor or substrate
substrate level phosporylation
a series of chemical reactions in which organic molecules are oxidized to carbon dioxide, converting the energy stored in organic molecules to ATP
cellular respiration
the system that transfers electrons along a series of membrane associated proteins from an electron donor molecule to a final electron acceptor
electron transport chain
the space between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
inter-membrane space
a cellular system that includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the plasma membrane, and the vesicles that move between them
endomembrane system
the cell structure, composed of two membranes, inner and outer, that defines the boundary of the nucleus
nuclear envelope
the process in which a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and empties its contents into the extracellular space or delivers proteins to the plasma membrane
exocytosis
the process in which a vesicle buds off from the plasma membrane, bringing material from outside the cell into that vesicle, which can then fuse with other membranes
endocytosis
one of many protein channels in the nuclear envelope that act as gateways that allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus and are essential for the nucleus to communicate with the rest of the cell
nuclear pores
a complex structure of RNA and protein, bound to the cytosolic face of the rough ER in the cytoplasm, on which proteins are synthesized
ribosomes
an organelle composed of a network of membranes that is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids
endoplasmic reticulum
in eukaryotes, the continuous interior of the endoplasmic reticulum, in plants, a fluid filled compartment enclosed by the thylakoid membrane, generally the interior of any tube-like structure
lumen
the part of the endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes
rough ER
the portion of the ER that lacks ribosomes
smooth ER
the organelle that modifies proteins and lipids produced by the ER and acts as a sorting station as they move to their final destinations
golgi apparatus
a vesicle derived from the golgi apparatus that contains enzymes that break down macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and complex carbohydrates
lysosomes
the process by which proteins end up where they need to be in a cell to perform their function
protein sorting
an RNA protein complex that binds with part of a polypeptide chain and marks the molecule for incorporation into the endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryotes) or the plasma membrane (prokaryotes)
signal recognition particle
the signal sequence for the nucleus that enables proteins to move through pores in the nuclear envelope
nuclear localization signals
an amino acid sequence that directs as a protein to its proper cellular compartment
signal sequence
in protein sorting, an amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain that embeds the chain in the membrane
signal anchor sequence
specialized organelles that are the site of respiration in eukaryotic cells, oxidizing chemical compounds such as sugars to carbon dioxide and transferring their chemical energy to ATP
mitochondria
specialized organelle that conducts photosynthesis
chloroplasts
process in which plants synthesize sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce energy
photosynthesis
flattened stacks in chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place
tylakoid
green pigment in plants
chlorophyll
____ are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
cell membranes
________ is influenced by the length of fatty acid chains, the presence of carbon-carbon bonds, and the amount of cholesterol
membrane fluidity
_______ results from the combination of lipids and proteins that makes up cell membranes
selective permeability
______ lack a nucleus and other internal membrane enclosed compartments
prokaryotic cells
_____ include animals, plants, fungi, and protists
eukaryotes
______ have a nucleus and other internal compartments called organelles
eukaryotic cells
the _____ contains the nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane
endomembrane system
the _____ houses the genome
nucleus
_____ harness the energy of sunlight to build sugars
chloroplasts
ATP is generated in two ways during cellular respiration, _____ and ______
substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
cellular respiration is a _____ ______ reaction
oxidation reduction
glycolysis takes place in the _____
cytoplasm
the citric acid cycle takes place in the _____ ______
mitochondrial matrix
____ and _____ donate electrons to the electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2
in which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of CO2 generated?
Krebs cycle
in which stage of cellular respiration is energy that has previously been stored in FADH2 used?
electron transport chain
the reaction center chlorophyll molecules are special due to their…
proximity to the primary electron acceptor
results in ethanol production and performed by bacteria and fungi
alcohol fermentation
results in lactate formation and performed by animals
lactic acid fermentation
what is the fuction of nuclear pores
they allow movement of large molecules through nuclear membranes
what structure is a direct extension from the outer nuclear membrane
endoplasmic reticulum
what function is frequently performed by rough ER
glycosylation of proteins
the golgi apparatus modifies material that originated where
Rough Er
which cell structure is a vesicle that contains harsh chemicals and enzymes to break down complex molecules
lysosome
the endosymbiant theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from what
bacteria
what is found in both mito and chloro
DNA
what is the precise term that means two organisms living together and both benefit
mutualism
in mitochondria, the inner membrane makes folds called cristae in order to…
increase surface area
what is the thick fluid in chloroplasts called
stroma
what is glucose split into in glycolysis
2 3 carbon molecules
what does the investment phase of glycolysis begin with
2 ATP molecules
where in the cell does glycolysis occur
cytosol
what is the main energetic outcome of the citric acid cycle
storage of lots of high energy electrons
in which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of CO2 waste produced
citric acid cycle
which molecule is the ultimate electron acceptor from the electron transport system
oxygen
which specific molecule produces the majority of ATP during cellular respiration
ATP synthase
reaction center chlorophyll molecules are special because they are adjacent to the ____ _____ ______
primary electron acceptor
what are the products of photosystem II
ATP and oxygen
which class of brightly colored molecules act as sunscreen for plants
carotenoids
chlorophyll absorbs _____ light and reflects _____ light
red and blue; green
during cyclic electron flow, ferredoxin will pass electrons to which acceptor
cytochrome
what molecule serves as input of carbon atoms for calvin cycle
CO2
during the carbon fixation phase, which enzyme fixes carbon to an acceptor
rubisco
in which phase of calvin cycle is NADPH used
reduction
in which plant would you expect to find high concentrations of pep carboxylase
corn
what cellular conditions lead to photorespiration
high oxygen, low CO2
from where does the majority of the biomass of a tree originate
CO2 in the air
what is the general term used for a specific molecule that binds to a receptor in cell signaling
ligand
which step of cell signaling involves the specific binding of a ligand to a receptor
reception
what factors are the most common means of passing molecular signals
change in 3D shape and phosphorylation of a protein
which step of cell signaling involves a hormone/receptor complex binding DNA
nuclear response
which step of cell signaling involves the rapid activation of inactive enzymes in the cell
cytoplasmic response
where would you expect to find the unbound receptor for a hormone that causes a nuclear response
in the cytosol
what is the name of the signaling system that uses hormones to send long distance signals through the bloodstream
endocrine system
what is the name of the narrow gap between a signaling neuron and its target cell
synaptic cleft
which component of a plant cell provides most of the structural integrity of the cell
secondary cell wall
which component of a plant cell allows exchange of cytoplasm between adjacent cells
plasmodesmata
what is the name of a surface on a cell that adjacent to another cell
basolateral
which structure in animal cells blocks movement of material between the cells
tight junction
which structure in animal cell serves as the anchor points of intermediate filaments
desmosome
which structure allows movement of cytoplasm between adjacent animal cells
gap junction
which class of molecules facilitate cell/cell adherence and are anchored to the cytoskeleton
cadherins
which molecule faciliatates adherence to connective tissue and are anchored to the cytoskeleton
integrins
what changes occur to a chromosome when it condenses
it becomes shorter and thicker
how many chromosomes are in a normal human somatic cell
22
centrosomes coordinate the production of which cell structure
microtubules
in what phase of mitosis are sister chromatids seperated
anaphase
during which phase of mitosis are chromosomes located along the midplane of the cell
metaphase
how do animal cells perform cytokinesis
cinching a belt like structure made of actin
how do plant cells perform cytokinesis
forming a cell plate through the fusion of vesicles
