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biology 197 > UNIT 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the molecule that provides energy in a form that all cells can readily use to perform the work of a cell

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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2
Q

the space enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

mitochondrial matrix

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3
Q

the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, the first stage of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis

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4
Q

the 3rd stage of cellular respiration, in which acetyl CoA is broken down and carbon dioxide is released

A

citric acid cycle

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5
Q

a set of metabolic reactions that occurs by passing electrons along an electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor, oxygen, pumping protons across a membrane, and using the proton gradient to drive synthesis of ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

a reaction involving the loss and gain of electrons between reactions. In biological systems, these reactions are often used to store/release chemical energy

A

oxidation reduction reaction

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7
Q

a molecule that carries electrons (and energy) from one set of reactions to another

A

electron carriers

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8
Q

a way of generating ATP in which a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an organic molecule, which acts as a phosphate donor or substrate

A

substrate level phosporylation

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9
Q

a series of chemical reactions in which organic molecules are oxidized to carbon dioxide, converting the energy stored in organic molecules to ATP

A

cellular respiration

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10
Q

the system that transfers electrons along a series of membrane associated proteins from an electron donor molecule to a final electron acceptor

A

electron transport chain

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11
Q

the space between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

A

inter-membrane space

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12
Q

a cellular system that includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the plasma membrane, and the vesicles that move between them

A

endomembrane system

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13
Q

the cell structure, composed of two membranes, inner and outer, that defines the boundary of the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

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14
Q

the process in which a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and empties its contents into the extracellular space or delivers proteins to the plasma membrane

A

exocytosis

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15
Q

the process in which a vesicle buds off from the plasma membrane, bringing material from outside the cell into that vesicle, which can then fuse with other membranes

A

endocytosis

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16
Q

one of many protein channels in the nuclear envelope that act as gateways that allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus and are essential for the nucleus to communicate with the rest of the cell

A

nuclear pores

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17
Q

a complex structure of RNA and protein, bound to the cytosolic face of the rough ER in the cytoplasm, on which proteins are synthesized

A

ribosomes

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18
Q

an organelle composed of a network of membranes that is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

in eukaryotes, the continuous interior of the endoplasmic reticulum, in plants, a fluid filled compartment enclosed by the thylakoid membrane, generally the interior of any tube-like structure

A

lumen

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20
Q

the part of the endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes

A

rough ER

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21
Q

the portion of the ER that lacks ribosomes

A

smooth ER

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22
Q

the organelle that modifies proteins and lipids produced by the ER and acts as a sorting station as they move to their final destinations

A

golgi apparatus

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23
Q

a vesicle derived from the golgi apparatus that contains enzymes that break down macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and complex carbohydrates

A

lysosomes

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24
Q

the process by which proteins end up where they need to be in a cell to perform their function

A

protein sorting

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25
Q

an RNA protein complex that binds with part of a polypeptide chain and marks the molecule for incorporation into the endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryotes) or the plasma membrane (prokaryotes)

A

signal recognition particle

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26
Q

the signal sequence for the nucleus that enables proteins to move through pores in the nuclear envelope

A

nuclear localization signals

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27
Q

an amino acid sequence that directs as a protein to its proper cellular compartment

A

signal sequence

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28
Q

in protein sorting, an amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain that embeds the chain in the membrane

A

signal anchor sequence

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29
Q

specialized organelles that are the site of respiration in eukaryotic cells, oxidizing chemical compounds such as sugars to carbon dioxide and transferring their chemical energy to ATP

A

mitochondria

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30
Q

specialized organelle that conducts photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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31
Q

process in which plants synthesize sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce energy

A

photosynthesis

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32
Q

flattened stacks in chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place

A

tylakoid

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33
Q

green pigment in plants

A

chlorophyll

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34
Q

____ are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

A

cell membranes

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35
Q

________ is influenced by the length of fatty acid chains, the presence of carbon-carbon bonds, and the amount of cholesterol

A

membrane fluidity

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36
Q

_______ results from the combination of lipids and proteins that makes up cell membranes

A

selective permeability

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37
Q

______ lack a nucleus and other internal membrane enclosed compartments

A

prokaryotic cells

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38
Q

_____ include animals, plants, fungi, and protists

A

eukaryotes

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39
Q

______ have a nucleus and other internal compartments called organelles

A

eukaryotic cells

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40
Q

the _____ contains the nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane

A

endomembrane system

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41
Q

the _____ houses the genome

A

nucleus

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42
Q

_____ harness the energy of sunlight to build sugars

A

chloroplasts

43
Q

ATP is generated in two ways during cellular respiration, _____ and ______

A

substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

44
Q

cellular respiration is a _____ ______ reaction

A

oxidation reduction

45
Q

glycolysis takes place in the _____

A

cytoplasm

46
Q

the citric acid cycle takes place in the _____ ______

A

mitochondrial matrix

47
Q

____ and _____ donate electrons to the electron transport chain

A

NADH and FADH2

48
Q

in which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of CO2 generated?

A

Krebs cycle

49
Q

in which stage of cellular respiration is energy that has previously been stored in FADH2 used?

A

electron transport chain

50
Q

the reaction center chlorophyll molecules are special due to their…

A

proximity to the primary electron acceptor

51
Q

results in ethanol production and performed by bacteria and fungi

A

alcohol fermentation

52
Q

results in lactate formation and performed by animals

A

lactic acid fermentation

53
Q

what is the fuction of nuclear pores

A

they allow movement of large molecules through nuclear membranes

54
Q

what structure is a direct extension from the outer nuclear membrane

A

endoplasmic reticulum

55
Q

what function is frequently performed by rough ER

A

glycosylation of proteins

56
Q

the golgi apparatus modifies material that originated where

A

Rough Er

57
Q

which cell structure is a vesicle that contains harsh chemicals and enzymes to break down complex molecules

A

lysosome

58
Q

the endosymbiant theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from what

A

bacteria

59
Q

what is found in both mito and chloro

A

DNA

60
Q

what is the precise term that means two organisms living together and both benefit

A

mutualism

61
Q

in mitochondria, the inner membrane makes folds called cristae in order to…

A

increase surface area

62
Q

what is the thick fluid in chloroplasts called

A

stroma

63
Q

what is glucose split into in glycolysis

A

2 3 carbon molecules

64
Q

what does the investment phase of glycolysis begin with

A

2 ATP molecules

65
Q

where in the cell does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

66
Q

what is the main energetic outcome of the citric acid cycle

A

storage of lots of high energy electrons

67
Q

in which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of CO2 waste produced

A

citric acid cycle

68
Q

which molecule is the ultimate electron acceptor from the electron transport system

A

oxygen

69
Q

which specific molecule produces the majority of ATP during cellular respiration

A

ATP synthase

70
Q

reaction center chlorophyll molecules are special because they are adjacent to the ____ _____ ______

A

primary electron acceptor

71
Q

what are the products of photosystem II

A

ATP and oxygen

72
Q

which class of brightly colored molecules act as sunscreen for plants

A

carotenoids

73
Q

chlorophyll absorbs _____ light and reflects _____ light

A

red and blue; green

74
Q

during cyclic electron flow, ferredoxin will pass electrons to which acceptor

A

cytochrome

75
Q

what molecule serves as input of carbon atoms for calvin cycle

A

CO2

76
Q

during the carbon fixation phase, which enzyme fixes carbon to an acceptor

A

rubisco

77
Q

in which phase of calvin cycle is NADPH used

A

reduction

78
Q

in which plant would you expect to find high concentrations of pep carboxylase

A

corn

79
Q

what cellular conditions lead to photorespiration

A

high oxygen, low CO2

80
Q

from where does the majority of the biomass of a tree originate

A

CO2 in the air

81
Q

what is the general term used for a specific molecule that binds to a receptor in cell signaling

A

ligand

82
Q

which step of cell signaling involves the specific binding of a ligand to a receptor

A

reception

83
Q

what factors are the most common means of passing molecular signals

A

change in 3D shape and phosphorylation of a protein

84
Q

which step of cell signaling involves a hormone/receptor complex binding DNA

A

nuclear response

85
Q

which step of cell signaling involves the rapid activation of inactive enzymes in the cell

A

cytoplasmic response

86
Q

where would you expect to find the unbound receptor for a hormone that causes a nuclear response

A

in the cytosol

87
Q

what is the name of the signaling system that uses hormones to send long distance signals through the bloodstream

A

endocrine system

88
Q

what is the name of the narrow gap between a signaling neuron and its target cell

A

synaptic cleft

89
Q

which component of a plant cell provides most of the structural integrity of the cell

A

secondary cell wall

90
Q

which component of a plant cell allows exchange of cytoplasm between adjacent cells

A

plasmodesmata

91
Q

what is the name of a surface on a cell that adjacent to another cell

A

basolateral

92
Q

which structure in animal cells blocks movement of material between the cells

A

tight junction

93
Q

which structure in animal cell serves as the anchor points of intermediate filaments

A

desmosome

94
Q

which structure allows movement of cytoplasm between adjacent animal cells

A

gap junction

95
Q

which class of molecules facilitate cell/cell adherence and are anchored to the cytoskeleton

A

cadherins

96
Q

which molecule faciliatates adherence to connective tissue and are anchored to the cytoskeleton

A

integrins

97
Q

what changes occur to a chromosome when it condenses

A

it becomes shorter and thicker

98
Q

how many chromosomes are in a normal human somatic cell

A

22

99
Q

centrosomes coordinate the production of which cell structure

A

microtubules

100
Q

in what phase of mitosis are sister chromatids seperated

A

anaphase

101
Q

during which phase of mitosis are chromosomes located along the midplane of the cell

A

metaphase

102
Q

how do animal cells perform cytokinesis

A

cinching a belt like structure made of actin

103
Q

how do plant cells perform cytokinesis

A

forming a cell plate through the fusion of vesicles

biology 197 (3 decks)

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