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biology 197 > UNIT 3 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the name of the sit at which replication begins?

A

origin of replication

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2
Q

Which molecule seperates the two strands of DNA during replication?

A

Helicase

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3
Q

The primer laid down by primase is made of what molecule?

A

RNA

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4
Q

Which molecule produces the vast majority of DNA during replication?

A

DNA polymerase III

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5
Q

Which molecule removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

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6
Q

When DNA Polymerase III has to move in the opposite direction of helicase, it results in what?

A

discontinuous replication

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7
Q

What molecule forms the final covalent bond between nucleotides during replication?

A

DNA ligase

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8
Q

What molecule is synthesized during transcription?

A

RNA

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9
Q

Where does transcription take place in eukaryotic cells?

A

in the nucleus

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10
Q

what enzyme performs transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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11
Q

what is the name of the sequence of DNA bound by RNA polymerase during initiation?

A

promoter

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12
Q

for eukaryotic cells to initiate transcription, _____ in the initiation complex recruit ___ _____

A

proteins; RNA polymerase

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13
Q

for prokaryotic cells to initiate transcription, ___ ______ is directly attracted to ____ sequences

A

RNA polymerase, promoter

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14
Q

termination of transcription typically requires what structure to form in newly made RNA?

A

step-loop

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15
Q

during RNA splicing, what special regions of RNA are removed from the primary transcript?

A

introns

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16
Q

The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand

A

replication fork

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17
Q

protein that binds to and stabilizes single stranded DNA until it can be used as a template

A

single strand binding protein

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18
Q

a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 5′ – 3′ direction

A

lagging strand

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19
Q

short sequences of DNA nucleotides which are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication.

A

okazaki fragments

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20
Q

protein that unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

A

helicase

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21
Q

protein that synthesizes an RNA primer at the 5’ end of leading strand and of each okazaki fragment of lagging strand

A

primase

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22
Q

protein that using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by covatently adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of a pre existing DNA strand or RNA primer

A

DNA polymerase III

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23
Q

protein that removes RNA nucleotides of primer from the 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase I

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24
Q

protein that joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand and joins okazaki fragments of lagging strand

A

DNA ligase

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25
Q

the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes transcription and translation

A

gene expression

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26
Q

the synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA

A

transcription

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27
Q

synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mRNA

A

translation

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28
Q

site of translation

A

ribosomes

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29
Q

intital RNA transcript from any gene

A

primary transcript

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30
Q

protein that pries the DNA strands apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides

A

RNA polymerase

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31
Q

mediates the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

A

transcription factors

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32
Q

the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter

A

transcription initiation complex

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33
Q

promoter that is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes

A

TATA box

34
Q

removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

A

RNA splicing

35
Q

what is the sequence of the start codon in the genetic code

A

AUG

36
Q

where would you NOT find functional ribosomes

A

in the nucleus

37
Q

what component of translation is the last to join the initiation structure?

A

large ribosomal unit

38
Q

in what site to tRNA molecules carrying a single amino acid enter the ribosome?

A

A site

39
Q

scientists believe that the majority of mutations in humans are caused by…

A

mistakes during DNA replication

40
Q

how does the mismatch repair mechanism recognize an incorrect base pair?

A

it recognizes a change in width between DNA strands

41
Q

how does the mismatch repair mechanism distinguish the old and new strands of DNA?

A

the old strand is methlylated and the new strand is not

42
Q

loosening chromatin structure will result in what?

A

higher rates of transcription

43
Q

repressor proteins work by binding DNA sequences called what?

A

operators

44
Q

repression works by blocking which step?

A

elongation of transcription

45
Q

noncoding regions of RNA

A

introns

46
Q

change in DNA sequence

A

Mutation

47
Q

chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

A

point mutations

48
Q

replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

A

base pair substitution

49
Q

mutation that has no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy in the genetic code

A

silent mutation

50
Q

mutation that still codes for an amino acid, but might be the wrong one

A

missense mutation

51
Q

mutation that changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon, almost always leading to a nonfunctional protein

A

nonsense mutation

52
Q

mutation that alters the reading frame

A

frameshift mutation

53
Q

cancer cells remain localized

A

benign mass

54
Q

tumor cells invade other tissues

A

malignant tumor

55
Q

the tumor cells induce secondary tumors at other locations in the body

A

metastasis

56
Q

acetyl groups are attached to positively charged lysines in histone tails

A

histone acetylation

57
Q

looks at DNA/protein patterns and how they affect expression

A

epigenetics

58
Q

blocks elongation of transcription

A

repression

59
Q

increases rate of initiation

A

induction

60
Q

entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that they control

A

operon

61
Q

protein that can switch off an operon

A

repressor

62
Q

repressor is a product of a separate gene called what

A

regulatory gene

63
Q

molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off

A

corepressor

64
Q

small single stranded RNA that can bind to mRNA

A

micro RNA

65
Q

phenomenon of inhibition of gene expression by RNA molecules

A

RNA interference

66
Q

RNAi is caused by what

A

small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

67
Q

physical expression of a trait

A

phenotype

68
Q

unit of inheritance that encodes a trait

A

gene

69
Q

alternative form of a single gene

A

allele

70
Q

genetic makeup of an individual

A

genotype

71
Q

both alleles are the same

A

homozygous

72
Q

alleles are different

A

heterozygous

73
Q

determines if individual displaying dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait

A

testcross

74
Q

two pairs of contrasting traits

A

dihybrid cross

75
Q

unit factors (traits) assort independently during gameate formation

A

independent assortment

76
Q

what organism did mendel use in his studies?

A

pea plants

77
Q

what term is used to express the combination of alleles an individual possesses for a trait?

A

genotype

78
Q

a single gene trait where heterozygotes have intermediate phenotype is an example of what?

A

incomplete dominance

79
Q

a single gene trait where heterozygotes exhibit a mixed phenotype reflecting each parent is…

A

codominance

80
Q

what is the name of a molecule that is recognized by the immune system?

A

antigen

biology 197 (3 decks)

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