Unit 4 Flashcards
Aggression
behavior intended to harm another person who does not want to be harmed
Violence
Aggression to cause extreme physical harm - injury or death
-All violent acts are aggressive, but not all aggressive acts are violent
-violence in the world is decreasing over time
Availability Heuristic
The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
-There is less violence than what we see in media
Internal VS External causes of aggression
INT- individual brings, inc aggression
EXT- Environment brings, inc aggression
Internal aggression factors
Age
Gender
Hostile Cognitive Biases
Age & Aggression
Toddlers 1-3 y/o are most aggressive. They rely on physical aggression to resolve conflict and get what they want.
Most toddler aggression isn’t severe enough to qualify as violence because they don’t use weapons
Gender & Aggression
Males = most common, M physical aggression causes worse injury or death.
F on F aggression is common. F more likely to use physical aggression or ostracism
-Relational aggression
Relational Aggression
Intentionally harming another person’s social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group
-Common for F
-gossiping, spreading rumors, withdrawing affection to get what you want, excluding someone from your circle of friends, and giving someone the “silent treatment.”
Hostile Attribution Bias
See ambiguous actions by others as aggressive
-Someone accidentally bumping into them seen as aggressive & purposeful
Hostile Perception Bias
perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive
-People converse in an animated fashion seen as them fighting
Hostile Expectation Bias
Assuming that people will react to potential conflicts with aggression
-Accidentally bumping into someone and expecting them to attack you in return
External aggression factors
Frustration and Other Unpleasant Events
Alcohol
Frustration, unpleasant events, & aggression
All unpleasant events, not just frustrations, cause aggression.
-Frustrations, provocations, social rejections, hot temperatures, loud noises, bad air (e.g., pollution, foul odors, secondhand smoke), and crowding can all cause aggression
Alcohol & Aggression
Consuming alcohol can cause an increase in aggression
-alcohol disrupts cognitive processes that help us organize, plan, achieve goals, self-awareness and inhibit inappropriate behaviors
-social attitudes about alcohol facilitate aggression
-Lower glucose, lower self-control
Reducing Aggression
Catharsis
Punishment
Successful Interventions
-Anger can be reduced by getting rid of the arousal state
-Viewing the provocative situation from a more distant perspective
Catharsis
Acting aggressively or even viewing aggression purges angry feelings and aggressive impulses into harmless channels.
-research shows the opposite often occurs
Punishment
Inflicting pain or removing pleasure for a misdeed, decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. Most effective when it is:
*Intense
*Prompt
*consistent
*perceived as justified
*Possible to replace the undesirable punished behavior with a desirable alternative behavior
-May only suppress aggressive behavior temporarily, and it has several undesirable long-term consequences
Successful Interventions
Target as many causes of aggression as possible and attempt to tackle them collectively.
-External causes are easier to change than internal causes
-Trying to remove single causes doesn’t work well
-Best treated in early development
Female genital mutilation Video
Model survived genital mutilation. From Somalia, part of a nomadic, traveling tribe. She doesn’t even know how old she is. When she was 5, they cut off her clitoris and sewed her vagina shut.
-“Would you leave your door open?” - The women are OWNED if they are circumcised.
-“You have bad things in between your legs, they have to be removed.”
-Her own sister and two cousins died because of it.
-Told that if they don’t get circumcised, they won’t be useful or able to get married. After marriage, you are cut open and sewn shut to have a child.
-She was married to an old man for 5 camels at the age of 13. She ran away instead
-Ran away to aunt and uncle’s in London, uncle is an ambassador. He offers her a job as a maid in his London home.
-She stayed in London even after her uncle moved back to Somalia. She worked for McDonald’s before being found by a model person thing.
-After 4 months, she finds her mother but she wasn’t able to connect very well.
-She gets engaged, lives in NY, and is going to have a baby.
-She had a procedure to have her vagina opened up again. She says (hesitantly) that sex can be desirable for her but it takes a lot for her.
Relational aggression Video
Female aggression and bullying.
-They do it beneath the radar of parents and teachers so they won’t get caught, No one acknowledges it.
-Girl bullies often use the internet too. Rumors about sex, ect.
-Lady tells a story of being bullied at the age of 8, the bully isolated her. The death stare, physically moving to avoid people, darting eyes, pointing fingers, shoulder bumping, are all bullying tactics.
-Lady 2, found herself being the only Korean girl in her school. She experienced race jokes, ect. So, she wanted to be white and popular. She admits to betraying her best friend to stay popular. Andrea’s best friend was shunned by the crowd.
Children see, children do Video
Ad shows children talking on the phone in the street, smoking cigarettes, drinking a beer, getting sick in the street, yelling aggressively at other drivers and giving the finger, being racist, destroying things in anger, throwing rocks at dogs, yelling at a baby, being physically aggressive, ect. Children see, children do. But then we see a man and a child help a woman pick up her dropped groceries.
Single stories Video
TED Talk. She is a storyteller emphasizing the danger of a single story.
-She grew up in Nigeria. She read and wrote early. She wrote stories about the books she read: children that were white and had blue eyes, played in the snow, and ate apples
-She was convinced that books had to be about foreign things. Things she didn’t know, didn’t understand.
-She started writing things about things she knew and recognized after reading African books.
-Their help, an 8 (?) year old boy. She didn’t know much aside from that his family was pretty poor. They sent him home with rice, yams, and old clothes. She felt a lot of pity for his mother. She saw a beautiful basket and was shocked that they were capable because the only thing she knew was that his family was poor.
-Her college roommate asked questions like “Where did you learn English so well?” “What is your tribal music” and other things that she had defaulted to. She didn’t know that there were people like her in Africa because the only thing she knew, her single story, was that Africa was poor.
-Her professor called her “not authentically African” because she was educated and well off.
-She says to start with seconds and you will recognize the single stories. She thought she had to have tragic story to be a good writer. “When we reject a single story”
Progress Video
Steven. Every morning people look at the news and its dreadful. We continually think back “To the good old days” but the truth is, the good old days aren’t so good. Intellectuals hate the idea of progress. Famine is at an all time low, deaths related to natural phenomena are down, we live longer, ect. We use the availability heuristic to see our news headlines. If it bleeds, it leads.
The Advantages of Attractiveness
More attractive people are perceived more positively on a wide variety of traits, being seen as more intelligent, healthy, trustworthy, and sociable. Those with facial, body, or vocal attractiveness also create more positive impressions.
Attractiveness Halo Effect
The tendency to associate attractiveness with a variety of positive traits, such as being more sociable, intelligent, competent, and healthy
What Makes a Person Attractive?
We are attracted to infants (nurturant attraction), to friends (communal attraction), and to leaders (respectful attraction).
-sexual attractiveness of facial qualities depends on whether the viewer is evaluating someone as a short-term or a long-term mate. Attraction is a dual process, combining sexual and aesthetic preferences.
-youthfulness, unblemished skin, symmetry, a facial configuration that is close to the population average
-Femininity in women or masculinity in men,
-Smaller chins, higher eyebrows, and smaller noses being some of the features that are more feminine/less masculine.
-More feminine, higher-pitched voices are more attractive in women and more masculine, lower-pitched voices are more attractive in men.
Why Are Certain People Attractive?
-culture preferences
-Prototype
Mere-Exposure Effect
tendency to prefer stimuli that have been seen before over novel ones
Good Genes Hypothesis
Certain physical qualities, like averageness, are attractive because they advertise mate quality—either greater fertility or better genetic traits that lead to better offspring and hence greater reproductive success
-Averageness, symmetry, sex prototypicality, and youthfulness
-better health, greater fertility, or better genetic traits that lead to better offspring and hence greater reproductive success
Anomalous face overgeneralization hypothesis
The attractiveness halo effect is a by-product of reactions to low fitness. People overgeneralize the adaptive tendency to use low attractiveness as an indicator of negative traits, like low health or intelligence, and mistakenly use higher-than-average attractiveness as an indicator of high health or intelligence.
Attraction: The Start of Friendship and Love
Proximity
Familiarity
Similarity
Reciprocity
Familiarity & attraction
People are more attracted to that which is familiar. Just being around someone or being repeatedly exposed to them increases the likelihood that we will be attracted to them. We also tend to feel safe with familiar people.
-Mere-exposure effect
Mere-Exposure Effect
people like people/places/things merely because they are familiar with them
Similarity & attraction
Couples tend to be very similar, particularly when it comes to age, social class, race, education, physical attractiveness, values, and attitudes.
-Matching hypothesis
Matching hypothesis
We like others who validate our points of view and who are similar in thoughts, desires, and attitudes
Reciprocity & attraction
We are more likely to like someone if they feel the same way toward us.
Workplace friendships
Through these relationships that people receive mentoring and obtain social support and resources, but they can also experience conflicts and the potential for misinterpretation when sexual attraction is an issue. Many workers reported that friendships grew out of collaborative work projects, and these friendships made their days more pleasant.
-People who worked in an environment where friendships could develop and be maintained were more likely to report higher levels of job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment, and they were less likely to leave that job.
Internet friendships
For people who have a hard time meeting and maintaining relationships, due to shyness, anxiety, or lack of face-to-face social skills, the Internet provides a safe, nonthreatening place to develop and maintain relationships.
All types of love are comprised of three distinct areas
intimacy, passion, and commitment
Intimacy
Caring, closeness, and emotional support
Passion
Physiological and emotional arousal; these can include physical attraction, emotional responses that promote physiological changes, and sexual arousal.
-Passion is unique to romantic love, differentiating friends from lovers
Commitment
The cognitive process and decision to commit to love another person and the willingness to work to keep that love over the course of your life
Perceived Social Support
A person’s perception that others are there to help them in times of need
-A high level of perceived support can serve as a buffer against stress. With higher levels of social support were less likely to catch the common cold.
Received Social Support
The actual act of receiving support
-Receiving support can buffer people from stress and positively influence some individuals—however, others might not want support or think they need it.
Support Network
The people who care about and support a person
-While quality does matter, individuals with larger social networks lived significantly longer than those with smaller networks.
Symmetry Video
Used the faces of criminals, combining them, to see that the criminal behavior was displayed in the face.
-The combined face was viewed as more attractive. Most composites are viewed as more attractive.
-Beauty and attractiveness really do play big roles in our perforation for a mate.
-The computer showed that the lower the number, the more symmetrical a face is.
-The students were asked to rate photos on a scale of 1-10 on attractiveness. Faces rated most symmetric are rated as most attractive.
-Babies that are a few months old are even more likely to gaze at those deemed as more attractive.
Divorce Video
Most women feel better after divorce and ⅓ say they don’t want to remarry. A lot of women agree that divorce is hard but they end up feeling a lot better.
-Standard of living, having less money, is down but they still feel better.
-Most men still do less than ⅓ of household chores. Married men feel less stressed and healthier but women are more likely to be stressed married.
-Lady who had everything, a great house, a big family, ect. Was suppressed. She couldn’t be better than her husband in any way.
-Women feel that they have to be selfless but men don’t feel the same way when it comes to relationships. Men are viewed more positively when pursuing their dreams but women are called selfish when following theirs.
-The women collectively agree that its not their ex husbands fault for their marriage ending, but the social and self expectations that ruined it. The women felt that they held themselves back and pulled the marriage together while the men don’t usually put as much effort or feel the same way.
-Even the women who lost everything in the divorce, still feel better.
-Divorce can damage children, but so can an unhealthy marriage.
-Younger women are more likely to say they would remarry, while older women don’t feel the same way.
-Power of roles
-How ideals are changing about marriage
Relationship Bank Account
An account you hold with every person in which a positive deposit or a negative withdrawal can be made during every interaction you have with the person
-Happier couples have five positive interactions for every one negative interaction
-Bad events overpower good events in one’s life, which suggests that the negative withdrawals are more salient and more impactful.
Capitalization
Seeking out someone else with whom to share your good news
Active-constructive responding
Demonstrating sincere interest and enthusiasm for the good news of another person.
-gratitude, forgiveness, and spending time together
active-destructive responding
When the listener points out something negative about what is said
Intimacy & active construct response
Intimacy has been positively related with satisfaction in marriage and well-being in general.
-When we disclose certain private things about ourselves, we increase the potential intimacy that we can have with another person, however, we also make ourselves vulnerable to getting hurt by the other person.
-Active-constructive listening is positively associated with trust, satisfaction, commitment, and intimacy
Gratitude & positive relationships
Expressing gratitude on a regular basis is an important means by which positive deposits may be made into relationship bank accounts
Forgiveness & positive relationships
Unresolved conflict can put couples at risk of developing the negative cycle of interaction that causes further harm to relationships. Lack of forgiveness is linked to ineffective conflict resolution.
Self-expansion model
Seeking to increase one’s capacity often through an intimate relationship
-Couples who engaged in more challenging and novel activities felt more satisfied with their relationship immediately afterward than control couples. Simply watching TV with one’s romantic partner will not make nearly the magnitude of a deposit in a relational bank account as would a more engaging or challenging joint activity.
Positive Psychology
The science of human flourishing. Positive Psychology is an applied science with an emphasis on real world intervention
- focus on the strengths, virtues, and talents that contribute to successful functioning and enable individuals and communities to flourish
Flourishing
To live optimally psychologically, relationally, and spiritually.
-Happiness, resiliency, well-being, and states of flow and engagement.
Six core virtues of positive psychology
Courage
Justice
Humanity
Temperance
Transcendence
Wisdom
Character Strength
A positive trait or quality deemed to be morally good and is valued for itself as well as for promoting individual and collective well-being.
Gratitude
A feeling of appreciation or thankfulness in response to receiving a benefit.
Three Key Strengths of positive psychology
Forgiveness, gratitude, and humility
Forgiveness & Positivy Psychology
The letting go of negative thoughts, feelings, and behaviors toward an offender.
-essential to harmonious long-term relationships between individuals, whether between spouses or nations, dyads or collectives
-Greater self-forgiveness was associated with increased self-esteem, lower levels of anxiety, lower levels of depression and a more positive view of their patient.
Gratitude & Positive Psychology
Gratitude is a feeling of appreciation or thankfulness in response to receiving a benefit.
-Helps us feel good
-Inspires us to do good.
-Gratitude heals, energizes, and transforms lives in a myriad of ways consistent with the notion that virtue is both its own reward and produces other rewards.
Humility & Positive Psychology
Having an accurate view of self—not too high or low—and a realistic appraisal of one’s strengths and weaknesses, especially in relation to other people.
-Successful people are humble people. They are more likely to flourish in life, in more domains, than are people who are less humble
Footsie Video
We all have secrets, small or big. Keeping secrets is usually more like suppressing secrets.
-A student is instructed to openly say everything that came to her mind for 5 minutes. Then she is told to do it again without thinking about a white bear, keeping it a secret. She rings the bell each time she thinks about the white bear and she rings it quite a bit, she can’t help but to think about it as she rambles on about the beach.
-Those who can keep secrets are likely to not be mentally okay
The antidote may be to talk about our secrets. Those in marriages usually live longer because they are able to share their obsessions.
-New students are playing cards. Some students are supposed to play footsie with the person across from them, cheating to communicate with their feet.
-The couple with the secret were more likely to be attracted to each other.
-Once the experiment is repeated but everyone knows about the footsies, end up not having any spark.
-By the end of the interview, the interviewer ended up with the song stuck in his head.
Arranged Video
Family members chose the partner for the couple. The mom and aunt chose the partners based on what they deemed would be good qualities. They believe in love after marriage, not before. Being in an arranged marriage is a different kind of commitment than other dating types. The best way to get to know your partner is after a lifetime together. Almost all of the couples in arranged marriages were really happy about it. Dating in America leads to looking for the wrong qualities in someone.
Gottman Video
50 year old people said passion brought them together, but that’s not what kept them together. They like each other and they love each other.
-Attachment is important in marriage.
-Good marriages need fighting together.
Steven Allen and Jane Meadows together admit that there will be bad times. Steven cheated on Jane. They were able to move past their big problems by going to classes, church, and therapy.
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Divorce)- Criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and withdrawal.
-The Ditmens were predicted to get divorced, and they did, the husband claimed it was because of bad predictions and didn’t help them.
-Many marital problems cannot be changes or rid of, they just have to be worked around. Be nice to each other.
Gratitude Video
Boy was born with only one finger on his left hand and his leg was curved to the point that he had to have surgery and remove it. They took his big toe from his leg and made a finger.
-He struggles with thinking about how God didn’t give him a good leg.
-He is involved with sports and makes the best of his life. He feels weird when he doesn’t play sports. He uses his hand well. He works harder than a lot of other kids.
-He feels a lot of pain from his prosthetic.
-He feels gratitude about all of the things he has, a family, a leg, ect. The challenges in life are just a wall and he breaks it down. He doesn’t feel different when he plays sports. He feels confident and strong, but he had to learn how to be those things.
Active VS Passive and Constructive VS Destructive
Active & Constructive- Active, enthusiastic, and supportive
Passive & Construction- Understated support
Active & Destructive- Pointing out the negative
Passive & Destructive- Ignoring the event
Bystander Intervention
people intervene to help others in need even if the other is a complete stranger and the intervention puts the helper at risk
Pluralistic ignorance
Relying on the actions of others to define an ambiguous need situation and to then erroneously conclude that no help or intervention is necessary.
Diffusion of Responsibility
Deciding to help someone, the presence of others makes you think someone else will help, so you don’t/are less likely to.
Cost–benefit Analysis
Compares the cost of an action or thing against the expected benefit to help determine the best course of action.
-If the needed help is of relatively low cost in terms of time, money, resources, or risk, then help is more likely to be given
-If costs outweigh the rewards, helping is less likely. If rewards are greater than cost, helping is more likely
Gender & Helping
Men and women are equally likely to help someone, but the type of assistance needed is what varies.
-Women are more likely to help in emotional areas
-M are more likely to help in where physical strength is needed
Agreeableness
A core personality trait such as being sympathetic, generous, forgiving, and helpful, and behavioral tendencies toward harmonious social relations and likeability.
-Those that are more agreeable are more likely to help
Prosocial Behavior
Social behavior that benefits another person
Other-oriented empathy
individuals who have a strong sense of social responsibility, empathize with and feel emotionally tied to those in need, understand the problems the victim is experiencing, and have a heightened sense of moral obligations to be helpful.
-highly correlated with the trait of agreeableness
Helpfulness
individuals who have been helpful in the past and, because they believe they can be effective with the help they give, are more likely to be helpful in the future
Why Help?
-Evolutionary forces may serve to predispose humans to help others
-Egoistic concerns may determine if and when help will be given
-Selfless, altruistic motives may also promote helping in some cases.
Kin selection
Evolutionary psychology, the favoritism shown for helping our blood relatives, with the goals of increasing the likelihood that some portion of our DNA will be passed on to future generations.
Reciprocal Altruism
A genetic predisposition for people to help those who have previously helped them
Negative state relief model
People have learned through socialization that helping can serve as a secondary reinforcement that will relieve negative moods such as sadness
Arousal: cost–reward model
seeing a person in need leads to the arousal of unpleasant feelings, and observers are motivated to eliminate that aversive state, often by helping the victim
Altruism
A motivation for helping that has the improvement of another’s welfare as its ultimate goal, with no expectation of any benefits for the helper
Empathy–altruism model
people who put themselves in the shoes of a victim and imagining how the victim feels will experience empathic concern that evokes an altruistic motivation for helping
Personal distress
observers who take a detached view of a person in need will experience feelings of being “worried” and “upset” and will have an egoistic motivation for helping to relieve that distress
Hero Video
A family was on summer vacation at the beach. Suddenly Lisa and her brother were so far away in the water, 200 yards. Lisa was trapped. Annette and Norman were there and Norman took OFF, swimming after her. Norman ended up saving her. Norman is a dog!!! Norman is a BLIND DOG!!! Norman was saved by Annette, adopted before being put down after having been in the pound so long. Annette’s voice guided him back to shore.
Wired To Help VIdeo
Survival is about competing and getting your DNA into the next generation. Survival of the fittest is also about sympathy! Out of the vulnerability of our offsprings, emerged social structures and physiological systems. Watching others be in pain, we experience it too, which is empathy!!! We experience compassion! The feeling of seeing someone in need, the vagus nerve (our longest nerve) is activated. Poorer communities are more likely to give.
Smoke Video
The presence of others heavily influences our actions. The illusion of a fire is created at a conference about online shopping. The first participant immediately goes over to the kitchen. She then evacuates. John is participant #2. In a room full of people, all of the confederates are told not to do anything when the smoke starts. The room starts to fill with smoke, he doesn’t notice, but then the alarm goes off. He doesn’t do anything because no one else moved. He only left after being told to do so, if the fire would have been real, he would have died. This happened over and over. In a group of 3 or 4, they stayed an average of 13 minutes. Alone, people run. The fire in London, people tried to pay their bills before they left, and DIED. James in the fire experiment asked about the smoke, the only of the participants to react. He was like “Theres a fire” and the others were like “we should wait until she comes back.” He sits back down almost before leaving. He left after 10 minutes, he would have almost died in a real fire situation.
Help Video
Everyone in line at a mall are confederates expect one man. A thief steals a woman’s backpack while the participant and others notice. No one else reacted and hence he didn’t either. Even being in a crowded area, a victim is less likely to receive assistance. Peter pretends to be ill, lying in the street. People pass him, almost step OVER him, ect. He calls out for help. After 20 minutes, no one helps him. We feel conflicted between either we should help, or we should do what everyone else is doing. A woman also lays in the street, pretending to be knocked out. Once someone comes over, asking if she was alright, then a woman who had earlier passed and didn’t do anything joins.
Home Run Video
Sara never hit a home run, this game was her last chance. She ends up hitting it out of the park but when she goes around, she misses first base and has to go back for it. She ends up tearing her ACL and CRAWLS back to first base. No one was allowed to help her. One of the best hitters for the OTHER TEAM offers to carry her around the bases, the umpire allowed it because she deserved it! They ended up losing the game 4-2 and Sara lost her career because of her injury.
The man and his dog Video
Old man and his dog do everything together. Have coffee in the morning, go to the store, meet with friends, ect. Man goes to the hospital, dog follows the ambulence, dog can’t go into the hospital. The man dies, donates his organs, and the dog falls in love with the person who received his organs.
