Unit 4 Flashcards
Aggression
behavior intended to harm another person who does not want to be harmed
Violence
Aggression to cause extreme physical harm - injury or death
-All violent acts are aggressive, but not all aggressive acts are violent
-violence in the world is decreasing over time
Availability Heuristic
The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
-There is less violence than what we see in media
Internal VS External causes of aggression
INT- individual brings, inc aggression
EXT- Environment brings, inc aggression
Internal aggression factors
Age
Gender
Hostile Cognitive Biases
Age & Aggression
Toddlers 1-3 y/o are most aggressive. They rely on physical aggression to resolve conflict and get what they want.
Most toddler aggression isn’t severe enough to qualify as violence because they don’t use weapons
Gender & Aggression
Males = most common, M physical aggression causes worse injury or death.
F on F aggression is common. F more likely to use physical aggression or ostracism
-Relational aggression
Relational Aggression
Intentionally harming another person’s social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group
-Common for F
-gossiping, spreading rumors, withdrawing affection to get what you want, excluding someone from your circle of friends, and giving someone the “silent treatment.”
Hostile Attribution Bias
See ambiguous actions by others as aggressive
-Someone accidentally bumping into them seen as aggressive & purposeful
Hostile Perception Bias
perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive
-People converse in an animated fashion seen as them fighting
Hostile Expectation Bias
Assuming that people will react to potential conflicts with aggression
-Accidentally bumping into someone and expecting them to attack you in return
External aggression factors
Frustration and Other Unpleasant Events
Alcohol
Frustration, unpleasant events, & aggression
All unpleasant events, not just frustrations, cause aggression.
-Frustrations, provocations, social rejections, hot temperatures, loud noises, bad air (e.g., pollution, foul odors, secondhand smoke), and crowding can all cause aggression
Alcohol & Aggression
Consuming alcohol can cause an increase in aggression
-alcohol disrupts cognitive processes that help us organize, plan, achieve goals, self-awareness and inhibit inappropriate behaviors
-social attitudes about alcohol facilitate aggression
-Lower glucose, lower self-control
Reducing Aggression
Catharsis
Punishment
Successful Interventions
-Anger can be reduced by getting rid of the arousal state
-Viewing the provocative situation from a more distant perspective
Catharsis
Acting aggressively or even viewing aggression purges angry feelings and aggressive impulses into harmless channels.
-research shows the opposite often occurs
Punishment
Inflicting pain or removing pleasure for a misdeed, decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. Most effective when it is:
*Intense
*Prompt
*consistent
*perceived as justified
*Possible to replace the undesirable punished behavior with a desirable alternative behavior
-May only suppress aggressive behavior temporarily, and it has several undesirable long-term consequences
Successful Interventions
Target as many causes of aggression as possible and attempt to tackle them collectively.
-External causes are easier to change than internal causes
-Trying to remove single causes doesn’t work well
-Best treated in early development
Female genital mutilation Video
Model survived genital mutilation. From Somalia, part of a nomadic, traveling tribe. She doesn’t even know how old she is. When she was 5, they cut off her clitoris and sewed her vagina shut.
-“Would you leave your door open?” - The women are OWNED if they are circumcised.
-“You have bad things in between your legs, they have to be removed.”
-Her own sister and two cousins died because of it.
-Told that if they don’t get circumcised, they won’t be useful or able to get married. After marriage, you are cut open and sewn shut to have a child.
-She was married to an old man for 5 camels at the age of 13. She ran away instead
-Ran away to aunt and uncle’s in London, uncle is an ambassador. He offers her a job as a maid in his London home.
-She stayed in London even after her uncle moved back to Somalia. She worked for McDonald’s before being found by a model person thing.
-After 4 months, she finds her mother but she wasn’t able to connect very well.
-She gets engaged, lives in NY, and is going to have a baby.
-She had a procedure to have her vagina opened up again. She says (hesitantly) that sex can be desirable for her but it takes a lot for her.
Relational aggression Video
Female aggression and bullying.
-They do it beneath the radar of parents and teachers so they won’t get caught, No one acknowledges it.
-Girl bullies often use the internet too. Rumors about sex, ect.
-Lady tells a story of being bullied at the age of 8, the bully isolated her. The death stare, physically moving to avoid people, darting eyes, pointing fingers, shoulder bumping, are all bullying tactics.
-Lady 2, found herself being the only Korean girl in her school. She experienced race jokes, ect. So, she wanted to be white and popular. She admits to betraying her best friend to stay popular. Andrea’s best friend was shunned by the crowd.
Children see, children do Video
Ad shows children talking on the phone in the street, smoking cigarettes, drinking a beer, getting sick in the street, yelling aggressively at other drivers and giving the finger, being racist, destroying things in anger, throwing rocks at dogs, yelling at a baby, being physically aggressive, ect. Children see, children do. But then we see a man and a child help a woman pick up her dropped groceries.
Single stories Video
TED Talk. She is a storyteller emphasizing the danger of a single story.
-She grew up in Nigeria. She read and wrote early. She wrote stories about the books she read: children that were white and had blue eyes, played in the snow, and ate apples
-She was convinced that books had to be about foreign things. Things she didn’t know, didn’t understand.
-She started writing things about things she knew and recognized after reading African books.
-Their help, an 8 (?) year old boy. She didn’t know much aside from that his family was pretty poor. They sent him home with rice, yams, and old clothes. She felt a lot of pity for his mother. She saw a beautiful basket and was shocked that they were capable because the only thing she knew was that his family was poor.
-Her college roommate asked questions like “Where did you learn English so well?” “What is your tribal music” and other things that she had defaulted to. She didn’t know that there were people like her in Africa because the only thing she knew, her single story, was that Africa was poor.
-Her professor called her “not authentically African” because she was educated and well off.
-She says to start with seconds and you will recognize the single stories. She thought she had to have tragic story to be a good writer. “When we reject a single story”
Progress Video
Steven. Every morning people look at the news and its dreadful. We continually think back “To the good old days” but the truth is, the good old days aren’t so good. Intellectuals hate the idea of progress. Famine is at an all time low, deaths related to natural phenomena are down, we live longer, ect. We use the availability heuristic to see our news headlines. If it bleeds, it leads.
The Advantages of Attractiveness
More attractive people are perceived more positively on a wide variety of traits, being seen as more intelligent, healthy, trustworthy, and sociable. Those with facial, body, or vocal attractiveness also create more positive impressions.
Attractiveness Halo Effect
The tendency to associate attractiveness with a variety of positive traits, such as being more sociable, intelligent, competent, and healthy
What Makes a Person Attractive?
We are attracted to infants (nurturant attraction), to friends (communal attraction), and to leaders (respectful attraction).
-sexual attractiveness of facial qualities depends on whether the viewer is evaluating someone as a short-term or a long-term mate. Attraction is a dual process, combining sexual and aesthetic preferences.
-youthfulness, unblemished skin, symmetry, a facial configuration that is close to the population average
-Femininity in women or masculinity in men,
-Smaller chins, higher eyebrows, and smaller noses being some of the features that are more feminine/less masculine.
-More feminine, higher-pitched voices are more attractive in women and more masculine, lower-pitched voices are more attractive in men.
Why Are Certain People Attractive?
-culture preferences
-Prototype
Mere-Exposure Effect
tendency to prefer stimuli that have been seen before over novel ones
Good Genes Hypothesis
Certain physical qualities, like averageness, are attractive because they advertise mate quality—either greater fertility or better genetic traits that lead to better offspring and hence greater reproductive success
-Averageness, symmetry, sex prototypicality, and youthfulness
-better health, greater fertility, or better genetic traits that lead to better offspring and hence greater reproductive success
Anomalous face overgeneralization hypothesis
The attractiveness halo effect is a by-product of reactions to low fitness. People overgeneralize the adaptive tendency to use low attractiveness as an indicator of negative traits, like low health or intelligence, and mistakenly use higher-than-average attractiveness as an indicator of high health or intelligence.
Attraction: The Start of Friendship and Love
Proximity
Familiarity
Similarity
Reciprocity
Familiarity & attraction
People are more attracted to that which is familiar. Just being around someone or being repeatedly exposed to them increases the likelihood that we will be attracted to them. We also tend to feel safe with familiar people.
-Mere-exposure effect
Mere-Exposure Effect
people like people/places/things merely because they are familiar with them
Similarity & attraction
Couples tend to be very similar, particularly when it comes to age, social class, race, education, physical attractiveness, values, and attitudes.
-Matching hypothesis
Matching hypothesis
We like others who validate our points of view and who are similar in thoughts, desires, and attitudes
Reciprocity & attraction
We are more likely to like someone if they feel the same way toward us.
