Unit 1 Flashcards
5 Minute College
5 minute college is run by a priest, costs $20, and takes 5 minutes to get your degree. 5 minute college allows you to have the experience and gives you the knowledge a college student still has after 5 years after they have graduated. You learn a foreign language, economics, theory of religion, go on spring break, take your “final”, and take a picture in your cap and gown.
Ethics of Scientific Psychology
Informed consent
Confidentiality
Privacy
Benefits
Deception
Trepan
Man came up with a theory that drilling holes into your head will allow blood flow into the brain, causing higher brain function and a high. This led to an occult following, leading even John Lenan to consider Trepanation despite being widely disregarded by scientists. Some of the “patients” or victims want to use it to get high, while others want to use it to treat their mental illnesses or addictions. The “patients” are supposed to do “self trepanation” with the guidance, help, and experience of the man and an EMT. Despite the complications that arise with Heather’s procedure, some of the patients still wanted to follow through with Trepanation.
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others (real, implied, or imagined).
Kurt Lewin’s 3 Big Ideas Triangle
COMPLEX - PERSON - SITUATION
Hindsight Bias
“I knew” once something happens, it changes the way you view it
Anecdotal Evidence
Using systematic observation over opinion. Evidence in the form of stories that people tell about what has happened to them
Scientific Method
Observing the world for questions
Making a hypothesis
Operationalize the variables
Independent Variable (IV)
The manipulated variable. Measure its effects on the dependent variable.
Dependent Variable
The non-manipulated variable
Confound
Internal validity
Bias of Judger
There is bias with every judgment
Bias of participants/Placebo effect
Double-blind technique
Complex Experimental Design
Experiments with multiple independent and/or dependent variables (2 or more)
Social Neuroscience
An interdisciplinary field concerned with identifying the neural processes underlying social behavior and cognition
Correlation does
NOT EQUAL CAUSALITY
Field Experiment
Like a lab experiment except it uses real-world situations
People in field experiments do not know they are participating in research
Naturalistic Observation
Unobtrusively watching people as they go about their lives
Experience Sampling Methods
longitudinal research methodology that involves asking participants to report on their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and/or environment on multiple occasions over time.
Survey Research
A method of research that involves administering a questionnaire to respondents in person, by telephone, through the mail, or over the internet
Implicit association test (IAT)
A computer-based categorization task that measures the strength of association between specific concepts over several trials.
Priming
The process by which exposing people to one stimulus makes certain thoughts, feelings or behaviors more salient.
Terror Management Theory
A theory that proposes that humans manage the anxiety that stems from the inevitability of death by embracing frameworks of meaning such as cultural values and beliefs.
Manipulation Check
A measure used to determine whether or not the manipulation of the independent variable has had its intended effect on the participants
Social or Behavioral Priming
A field of research that investigates how the activation of one social concept in memory can elicit changes in behavior, physiology, or self-reports of a related social concept without conscious awareness.
Archival Evidence
The examination of archives, statistics, and other records such as speeches, letters, or even tweets
Correlational Research
A type of descriptive research that involves measuring the association between two variables, or how they go together.
Theory of Mind
The human capacity to understand minds, a capacity that is made up of a collection of concepts (e.g., agent, intentionality) and processes (e.g., goal detection, imitation, empathy, perspective taking).
Human behavior is interpreted as perceptions of agents who can act intentionally and who have desires, beliefs, and other mental states that guide their actions
Mimicry
Copying others’ behavior, usually without awareness.
Automatic Empathy
A social perceiver unwittingly taking on the internal state of another person, usually because of mimicking the person’s expressive behavior and thereby feeling the expressed emotion
Visual Perspective Taking
Can refer to visual perspective taking (perceiving something from another person’s spatial vantage point) or more generally to effortful mental state inference (trying to infer the other person’s thoughts, desires, emotions)
Folk Explanations of Behavior
People’s natural explanations for why somebody did something, felt something, etc. (differing substantially for unintentional and intentional behaviors).
Attributions
Explaining another’s behavior
Disposition
Something about the person’s character or personality
Situational
Something about the situation or circumstance
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
We tend to ignore the situation too much and go with dispositional explanations for behavior
Individualistic VS Collectivist Cultures
People in collectivist cultures aren’t quick to judgment and don’t focus on the individual
Lying 1 & 2
A little girl and her mother are at a cafe. Her mother receives a gift, the same as one she had gotten the day before and called ugly and disgusting. Her daughter has been told not to lie and has to speak up when her mother lies and says she likes the present.
Children were sat with a toy behind their back, told not to peek, before the adult leaves the room. Most of the time, the child looked, and when asked, lied saying they hadn’t looked. Once given bitter chocolate, the children are asked to lie and say it tastes good. The children 5+ were more easily able to lie than the 3yos.
Confess
Ed Garett was accused of murdering his daughter. After being lied to and interrogated for HOURS, they convince him that he is guilty and had him arrested. It turns out that her wounds didn’t match his confession.
Moral Neuroscience Video
Lady goes over the dilemma of understanding other’s values in varying age groups (3, 5, 7, and adult). Younger children weren’t able to understand other’s values while the older ones did. With the use of a magnetic (?) pulse, people showed to be more sympathetic after having the pulse targeted at their head.
Intrapersonal Topics
Emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition (the ways in which we think about ourselves and others).
Interpersonal Topics
Helping behavior, aggression, prejudice and discrimination, attraction and close relationships, and group processes and intergroup relationships.
Reasons for Conformity
Normative Influence
Informational Influecne
Normative Influence
Conformity that results from a concern for what other people think of us
Informational Influence
Conformity that results from a concern to act in a socially approved manner as determined by how others act
Descriptive Norm
The perception of what most people do in a given situation
Obedience
Responding to an order or command from a person in a position of authority.
Asch
A coffee shops asks that people sing their order because of “national singing day” and most people did. Some people refused. We then see the line test experiment is done. One of the three students didn’t conform
Milgram 1 & 2
The first man refused to continue after hearing the learner request to be let out. The second man laughed as he gave the shocks. 14/40 showed nervous laughter and smiling. Milgram would insist that the experiment be continued.
Ostracism
Excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contact with the person, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them
Social Facilitation
Improvement in task performance that occurs when people work in the presence of other people
Evaluation Apprehension
When we feel that our individual performance will be known to others, and those others might judge it negatively
Social Loafing
The reduction of individual effort exerted when people work in groups compared with when they work alone
Group Polarization
The tendency for members of a deliberating group to move to a more extreme position, with the direction of the shift determined by the majority or average of the members’ pre deliberation preferences.
Increased prejudice and radicalization
Common Knowledge Effect
The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing information that all members know (shared information) and less time examining information that only a few members know (unshared).
Group Think
A set of negative group-level processes, including illusions of invulnerability, self-censorship, and pressures to conform, that occur when highly cohesive groups seek concurrence when making a decision
Group-level factors that combine to cause groupthink
Cohesion
Isolation
Biased Leadership
Decisional Stress
Cohesion
Groupthink only occurs in cohesive groups
Isolation
Groupthink groups too often work behind closed doors, keeping out of the limelight
Biased Leadership
A biased leader who exerts too much authority over group members can increase conformity pressures and railroad decisions.
Decisional Stress
Groupthink becomes more likely when the group is stressed, particularly by time pressures
Dominant Response
If a task is easy for the person, then the dominant response will be the correct one
