Unit 2 Flashcards
Passes Video
You are instructed to count how many times the white shirt people pass the ball (16) but as you’re focused on that you may have missed the gorilla coming in, one of the black shirt people leave, and the curtain behind them changes colors.
Selective Listening
people focus attention on one auditory stream of information while deliberately ignoring other auditory information
Inattentional Blindness
The failure to notice a fully visible, but unexpected, object or event when attention is devoted to something else
Inattentional Deafness
fail to notice an unexpected sound or voice when attention is devoted to other aspects of a scene
Misinformation Effect
A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect information between the original event (e.g., a crime) and later memory test (e.g., an interview, lineup, or day in court).
Schema
A memory template, created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events.
False Memories
Memory for an event that never actually occurred, implanted by experimental manipulation or other means
Memory Video
A woman and her husband are walking down (x) street and the wife notices President Kennedy’s wife waving to her. She waves back but it turns out the president’s wife was waving for a cab. It turns out, that was the recollection of the husband, whom had not been there at all. He can so vividly remember the way things felt and sounded but he wasn’t there at all. It turns out that his wife was walking down (y) street and there was a group of people who witnessed it, making the wife feel embarrassed to have waved back at the taxi woman.
Eyewitness Videos (1&2)
A lady was raped and insisted she took the time to memorize his face. Ronald Cotton was identified. He tried to give himself an alibi and he accidentally gave them the wrong one. The lady felt ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN. Ronald was sentenced to life after 40 minutes and the lady felt relieved! Bobby Pool, who was often mistaken for Cotton, starts attending the same prison as him. Cotton got another trial and the lady was MAD. He was convicted AGAIN. After hearing about DNA, Cotton insists that a test be done. Pool was convicted because the DNA matched. The lady felt guilty and shameful. Cotton forgave her and decided to move on.
Self-efficacy
The belief that you are able to effectively perform the tasks needed to attain a valued goal
Influence self-esteem because how you feel about yourself overall is influenced by your confidence in your ability to perform well in areas that are important to you and to achieve valued goals
Self-Esteem
How much you like or “esteem” yourself—to what extent you value yourself. Self-efficacy refers to your self-confidence to perform well and to achieve in specific areas of life such as school, work, and relationships.
Self-Report Measure
A type of questionnaire in which participants answer questions whose answers correspond to numerical values that can be added to create an overall index of some construct
Task-Specific Measures of Self-Esteem
Measures that ask about self-efficacy beliefs for a particular task (e.g., athletic self-efficacy, academic self-efficacy)
Verbal Persuasion
When trusted people influence your self-efficacy (for better or worse) by either encouraging or discouraging you about your ability to succeed
When does self-efficacy form and who influences it?
Self-efficacy begins to develop in very young children. It is not constant, it can change and grow as an individual has different experiences.
We are influenced by:
Our parents’ self-efficacies
Adolescents’ friends
Vicarious Performances
When seeing other people succeed or fail leads to changes in self-efficacy
Performance Experiences
When past successes or failures lead to changes in self-efficacy
Self-Regulation
The complex process through which people control their thoughts, emotions, and actions
Collective-Efficacy
The shared beliefs among members of a group about the group’s ability to effectively perform the tasks needed to attain a valued goal
Collective-efficacy effects
Romantic relationships and teamwork
Teacher’s Pet Video
Various children are asked “Why are you the teacher’s pet?” some responses:
Personality, can count up to 20 with out fingers
I have angelic work in school, its better than A+
We are not the teacher’s pet, who is your source? Edward, someone out there likes us
I am very bright and I am brilliant
Cuz I have my teeth out maybe?
When they said something funny I laughed
I have clean hair and face and have a nice body shape
I’m only 6 and everyone thinks I am beautiful, I have jewelry I don’t even need to wear
Idol Video
Jessica’s friends are there to support her (with her face on their shirts), saying she is going to be the next American Idol. Jessica performs pretty good (In my opinion) but Simon tells her she needs work and she isn’t ready. Jessica claims that Simon told her that she sang well and that she is better than anyone else there
Spotlight Effect
We think people are looking at us, but in reality they probably aren’t
False-Consensus Effect
Our opinions and behaviors are more common than they actually are because we often associate with those like us. If it makes us feel good then we feel false uniqueness when it is flipped
Depression and Explanatory Style
Chance, luck, or a fluke if something goes right and internal blame is something goes wrong
Limits to Positive Thinking
There is a limit (complicated) - We can’t just wish - Can’t just never give up
Too much credit and blaming others - Groups, merit raises, relationships
Narcissism- All about you and how awesome you are
Unrealistic optimism/optimism bias - I’m so good at driving, I don’t need a seatbelt
Overconfidence
Social Comparison
The process by which people understand their own ability or condition by mentally comparing themselves to others
Upward Comparison
Making mental comparisons to people who are perceived to be superior on the standard of comparison.
Can threaten our self-evaluation and jeopardize self-esteem.
Downward Comparison
Making mental comparisons with people who are perceived to be inferior on the standard of comparison.
May boost our self-evaluation on relevant dimensions
Self-enhancement effect- The finding that people can boost their own self-evaluations by comparing themselves to others who rank lower on a particular comparison standard
Counterfactual Thinking
Mentally comparing actual events with fantasies of what might have been possible in alternative scenarios
Consequences of Social Comparison
Impact self-esteem
Feelings of regret
Feelings of envy
Make us more competitive
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model
A model of social comparison that emphasizes one’s closeness to the comparison target, the relative performance of that target person, and the relevance of the comparison behavior to one’s self-concept
Social comparison and its effects on self-evaluation depend on:
Personality and Individual Differences
Personality
A person’s relatively stable patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior.
Individual Differences
Psychological traits, abilities, aptitudes and tendencies that vary from person to person
Mastery Goals
Goals that are focused primarily on learning, competence, and self-development. These are contrasted with “performance goals” that are focused on the quality of a person’s performance
Fixed Mindset
The belief that personal qualities such as intelligence are traits that cannot be developed
Growth Mindset
The belief that personal qualities, such as intelligence, can be developed through effort and practice.
Local-Dominance Effect
People are generally more influenced by social comparison when that comparison is personally relevant rather than broad and general
Situational factors
Number of people
Local-Dominance Effect
Proximity to a Standard
Social Category Lines
Proximity to a Standard
The relative closeness or distance from a given comparison standard. The further from the standard a person is, the less important he or she considers the standard. When a person is closer to the standard he/she is more likely to be competitive
Social Category Lines
Any group in which membership is defined by similarities between its members. Examples include religious, ethnic, and athletic groups
Frog Pond Effect
The theory that a person’s comparison group can affect their evaluations of themselves. Specifically, people have a tendency to have lower self-evaluations when comparing themselves to higher performing groups
Dunning Kruger Effect
The tendency for unskilled people to be overconfident in their ability and highly skilled people to underestimate their ability
Social Cognition
The study of how people think about the social world.
Heuristics
A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex mental problems to more simple rule-based decisions
Representativeness Heuristic
A heuristic in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one’s mental representation of the category
Availability Heuristic
A heuristic in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily instances of it come to mind.
Planning Fallacy
A cognitive bias in which one underestimates how long it will take to complete a task
Affective Forecasting
Predicting how one will feel in the future after some event or decision
Impact Bias
A bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates the strength or intensity of emotion one will experience after some event
Durability Bias
A bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates for how long one will feel an emotion (positive or negative) after some event
Envy Video
Twin brothers compete for everything, eventually leading one to go to space and the other to not. Envy often leads to guilt. College students were put in a test, trying to give their friends hints for word association. Their friends purposefully gave hard words and hence, in return gave them hard ones too. Over 75% of the participants didn’t help their friends.
Syrup Video
They put syrup from Vermont in a bottle, labeled it from California. They were told the syrup is indeed from California. Despite that this maple syrup was actual maple syrup from Vermont, everyone who tried it DENIED it
Ariely Video
Ariely wants to write a “cookbook” but it is highly suggested that he first write about his research. Decision illusions, even after proven, are still indistinguishable. It is hard to believe in the influences that affect our decisions (FAE). Doctor scenario, ad scenario, Tim and Jerry scenario.
Loss Aversion
it is more painful to lose than it is pleasurable to win
Gilbert Video
We gained our frontal lobes (especially the prefrontal cortex), allowing us to imagine and have mental processes. Things impact our life a lot less than we think. We have a “psychological immune system” and happiness is able to be synthesized. TED talk man jokes about the key to true happiness (ex. Get kicked out by the Beatles, commit a book scam and lose all of your money and power, spend a lifetime in jail for a crime you didn’t commit, ect). Amnesia patients end up also liking the Monet paintings they own and dislike the paintings they don’t own. Our psychological system works best when we are stuck. We make better of the things we cannot change. We have a tendency to be happier when not given a choice. Some things are better than others but when there is too much pressure from them, we are unhappy. Our longings and worries are overblown because we have the ability to manufacture the commodity we are chasing when we choose experience.
