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Anatomy > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the digestive system do? (4)

A
  1. ingests nutrients
  2. digests nutrients
  3. absorbs nutrients
  4. eliminates waste
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2
Q

Problems with the digestive system?

A
  • avoid digesting self (acid reflux)
  • one entrance, one exit
  • compartmentalize
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3
Q

What is digestion?

A

a combination of cell/enzymatic and organismal multistep process of consuming nutrients, breaking them apart, absorbing them, and eliminating the waste materials

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4
Q

Ideal Absorptive Digestive Structures

A
  • high SA (folds, villi, loops)
  • thin and long (more SA, more absorption)
  • high mitotic rate and mucous levels (resist abrasions)
  • buffer regulation (pH)
  • elastic and smooth muscle (move materials)
  • highly vascular
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5
Q

Why is the digestive process multi-step and occur in different compartments?

A

To protect the body from digesting itself

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6
Q

The GI tract is…

A

composed of single unite smooth muscle and moves at one pace

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7
Q

Two Types of Contraction

A
  1. Tonic
  2. Phasic
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8
Q

Tonic Contraction

A

long, slow, steady contraction (minutes or hours)
- occurs at fundus or sphincters

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9
Q

Phasic Contraction

A

short, fast, adapting (seconds)
- occurs in small intestine, antrum

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10
Q

Motility and Contractile Patterns (3)

A
  1. Migrating motor complex
  2. Peristaltic Contractions
  3. Segmental Contractions
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11
Q

Migrating Motor Complex

A
  • occurs when tract is empty
  • travels stomach to large intestine
  • passes slowly (~90 mins)
  • “housekeeping” - gets last of food left in the system
  • tonic and deliberate
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12
Q

Peristaltic Contractions

A
  • occurs following a meal
  • move bolus through GI tract
  • relatively fast
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13
Q

Segmental Contractions

A
  • occur in intestine
  • are paired contraction/relaxation events
  • mix chyme - yield no net movement
  • chyme = combo of partially digested food, saliva, etc.
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14
Q

Digestive Muscle vs Skeletal/Cardiac Muscle

A

Digestive muscle has
- multiple layers
- cannot be strengthened by “working out”
- different timing

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15
Q

Digestive Smooth Muscle

A
  • in visceral organs (gut)
  • generate force for gross movement
  • consumes little oxygen (allows for prolonged contraction
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16
Q

Classes of smooth muscle

A
  • are based on physical structure/organization (existence of interconnections and location of autonomic varicosities)
  • Include SINGLE UNIT and MULTI-UNIT
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17
Q

Single Unit Smooth Muscle

A
  • fibers contract simultaneously (connected by gap junction, share action potentials)
  • exhibit complete contraction (all fibers participate in contractions)
  • found in walls of viscera (blood vessels, intestinal tract)
  • stimulate only a couple cells to stimulate the wave motion
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18
Q

Multi Unit Smooth Muscle

A
  • allow for very fine levels of movement
  • fibers are separate cells and must be stimulated separately
  • varicosities embedded throughout the muscle (allows for fine control of contraction)
  • class is found in iris, ciliary bodies, uterus
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19
Q

Organization of Contractile Filaments

A
  • arranged in bundles
  • extend diagonally across cell
  • form lattice around nucleus
  • yields globular form upon contraction
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20
Q

Filament Arrangement

A
  • Actin attaches to dense protein bodies and terminates at protein plaques in membrane
  • Myosin lies between actin filaments and is “covered” with heads”
  • power stroke is essentially the same
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21
Q

Compartmentalizing …

A
  • provides protection from digesting self
  • allows high efficiency
  • “assembly line”
  • high extraction ability
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22
Q

Digestive Roles of the Oral Cavity (3)

A
  • securing food (not really for humans) - jaws, teeth, tongue
  • ingesting food - teeth, jaws. tongue, mouth
  • digesting food - teeth, jaws, glands (salivary)
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23
Q

The Buccal Cavity (=oral)

A

the entrance to digestive system defined by lips, palatoglossal arch
- can also include nasal

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24
Q

Lips

A
  • outer margin of the oral opening
  • all vertebrates have them
  • follow tooth line, meet at angle of the jaw
  • typically pliable, can be fleshy
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25
Q

Cheeks

A
  • are formed by lips meeting well forward of angle of jaw
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26
Q

Why have cheeks?

A
  • storage of food
  • help with creating pressure for nursing as a baby and pressure gradient
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27
Q

Teeth (The Buccal Cavity)

A
  • aid in catching and holding prey
  • aid in mechanical and chemical digestion ***
  • arose from bony armor from primitive fishes
  • are vertebrate synapomorphy
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28
Q

Bony Teeth

A
  • have cellular and acellular components
  • are coated in mineralized deposits for strength durability
  • made for life
  • deeply rooted in jaw
    INTEGUMENTARY
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29
Q

Types of Teeth

A
  • Incisors (4/4)
  • Canines/Cuspids (2/2)
  • Premolars/Bicuspids (4/4)
  • Molars (6/6)
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30
Q

Incisors

A

sharp, front teeth you use for biting into food

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31
Q

Canines/Cuspids

A

have a pointed edge (cusp) to tear up food, are superb for piercing tough or fleshy foods

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32
Q

Premolars/Bicuspids

A

have an overall flatter shape with two rounded cusps useful for mashing foods

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33
Q

Molars

A

posterior and largest teeth, have several pointed cusps to crush food so its ready for swallowing

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34
Q

Carnacial Pair

A

not “sharp” but align to shear

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35
Q

The Alimentary Canal

A
  • the primary region of digestion
  • has 4 generalized regions
  • has distinctive, variable structure/composition
  • high vasculature
    ~~high immune presence
    ~~ lots of veins, arteries, lymphatic vasculature
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36
Q

Mucosal Layer of Alimentary Canal

A
  • thin
  • thin layer of muscle
37
Q

Submucosa of Alimentary Canal

A
  • interic (digestive) nervous system
  • more vasculature
  • nerves
38
Q

Muscularis of Alimentary Canal

A
  • lots of muscle
  • nerves
  • peristaltic and segmental contractions
39
Q

Serosal Membrane of Alimentary Canal

A

Protective layer

40
Q

Why does your belly rumble?

A
  • feed forward signaling
  • muscles turn in anticipation and preparation for food coming in (almost signifying that the stomach is empty and is preparing the system to digest more)
41
Q

The Esophagus

A
  • extends from pharynx to stomach
  • conducts food bolus to stomach
  • has mucus lining, can be cornified (not humans)
  • has longitudinal folds
  • is “collapsed” pre/post ingestion (help food pass the large lungs and heart to get food to the stomach
42
Q

Deglutition ~ oral phase

A
  • voluntary
  • begins with tongue pushing the bolus to the back of the oral cavity and into the oropharynx
43
Q

Deglutition ~ pharyngeal phase

A
  • involuntary
  • stimulation of receptors in the oropharynx sends impulses to brain stem
  • pharyngeal constrictor muscles moves the bolus through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx
  • UES relaxes and food enters esophagus
  • tongue pushes back and starts pushing food down (irreversible)
44
Q

Deglutition ~ esophageal phase

A
  • peristalsis propels bolus through the esophagus and toward the stomach
45
Q

The Stomach

A
  • primarily used for food storage
  • also engages in mechanical and chemical digestion
  • churns bolus
  • releases “gastric juice”
46
Q

What is the stomach?

A
  • a J-shaped extension of the alimentary canal
  • is bounded by cardiac, pyloric sphincters
  • is divided into 3 main regions
47
Q

3 Regions of the Stomach

A
  • cardiac
  • fundus
  • pylorus
48
Q

Cardiac Region of the Stomach

A
  • transitional area between esophagus and stomach
  • has glands with mostly mucus secreting cells
  • houses cardiac sphincter
49
Q

Fundus Region of the Stomach

A
  • the largest region of the stomach
  • highly muscular
  • has parietal cells - release HCl
  • has chief cells - release proteolytic enzymes
50
Q

Pylorus Region of the Stomach

A
  • narrow region before small intestine
  • is lined with mucus secreting cells
  • houses pyloric sphincter
  • pH buffer
51
Q

Intestines

A
  • primary site for chemical digestion and absorption
  • is divided into small and large intestines
  • has distinctive, variable substructure/composition
  • digests and absorbs more than any other part of the system
  • changes based on age, conditions
52
Q

Small Intestine

A

~ 18-20 ft long
- the main alimentary region of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
- has 3 distinct regions

53
Q

3 Regions of Small Intestine

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
54
Q

Duodenum

A
  • follows pyloric sphincter posteriorly
  • received secretions from pancreas, gall bladder
  • 1st portion, very busy
  • ensure pH is on point for enzymes from pancreas and gall bladder
55
Q

Jejunum

A
  • mostly nutrient absorption
  • uses facilitated diffusion/diffusion to move and absorb nutrients and materials
  • vary between organisms
56
Q

Ileum

A
  • mostly mineral absorption
  • uses facilitated diffusion/diffusion to move and absorb nutrients and materials
  • vary between organisms
57
Q

Segmental Contractions…

A

mix the bolus because the goal is homogeneity

58
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • is separated from small intestine by ileocolic valve – sphincter muscle
  • lacks villi
  • reduced SA
59
Q

Function of Large intestine

A
  • absorbs water
  • concentrates feces
  • reuptakes water which makes feces more solid
60
Q

Kidney Function

A
  • regulation of extracellular fluid volume
  • maintenance of ion balance (Na, Ca, K)
  • homeostatic regulation of pH
    (if low pH, remove H+)
    (if high pH, retain H+)
  • excretion of wastes/foreign substances
    (metabolic wastes and creatine) (foreign substances - saccharin and benzoate)
61
Q

Kidney must have…

A
  • high SA
  • high vasculature
  • a way out
62
Q

Kidneys (parts)

A
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • renal pelvis
63
Q

Kidney Microanatomy (10)

A
  • nephrons
  • afferent arterioles
  • glomerulus
  • efferent arteriole
  • Bowman’s Capsule
  • proximal tubule
  • loop of henle
  • distal tubule
  • collecting duct
  • peritubular capillaries
64
Q

Nephrons

A
  • are functional units of kidneys (10^6 per kidney)
  • composed of vascular and tubular elements
65
Q

Afferent Arterioles

A

from renal artery to nephron

66
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • is a ball like capillary network
  • is found in kidney cortex!!!!! (if in medulla you would be “fucked” bc of reversal)
  • is site of filtration (out of blood into nephron)
67
Q

Efferent Arteriole

A
  • blood from glomerulus
68
Q

Renal Portal System

A

Afferent Arteriole -> Glomerulus -> Efferent Arteriole

69
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A
  • surrounds glomerulus
  • receives filtrate
  • is part of renal corpuscle (=capsule + glomerulus)
70
Q

Proximal Tubule

A
  • extends from capsule
  • conducts filtrate
71
Q

Loop of Henle

A
  • is a hairpin loop
  • is composed of limbs
    ~ descending and ascending
  • functions for water retention (get the most water back as possible)
72
Q

Distal Tubule

A
  • contains flow from loop
73
Q

Collecting Duct

A
  • takes input from many nephrons
  • passes through cortex, medulla
  • drains into renal pelvis
74
Q

Peritubular Capillaries

A
  • branch off efferent arterioles
  • surround loop of henle, tubules
  • help in reabsorption
75
Q

Overview of Kidney Function

A
  • Filtration (take stuff out, movement of fluid from blood to nephron)
  • Reabsorption (materials needed, filtered material reenters blood)
  • Secretion (get rid of stuff not needed, moves selected molecules into nephritic fluid)
76
Q

Volume and Osmolarity in the Nephron

A
  • urinary filtrate
  • proximal tubule
  • loop of henle
  • distal tubule/collecting duct
  • Final urine
77
Q

Urinary Filtrate

A
  • enters nephron through Bowman’s Capsule
  • averages 180L per day (fluid is filtered several times)
  • is nearly osmotic with blood (nearly isotonic at 300mOsM)
78
Q

Proximal Tubule (Volume and Osmolarity)

A
  • reabsorbs isosmotic fluid (190L-> 54L – 70% reabsorption)
  • transports solutes out of lumen
  • “transports” fluid by osmosis
79
Q

Loop of Henle (Volume and Osmolarity)

A
  • dilutes filtrate in lumen without adding fluid
  • solute reabsorbed > water reabsorbed – reabsorb solute without losing water
  • decreases both volume and osmolarity
    54L -> 18L
    300 mOsM -> 100mOsM
80
Q

Distal Tubule/Collecting Duct (Volume and Osmolarity)

A
  • regulates salt and water balance
  • use reabsorption and secretion (typically meal ions and bad stuff)
81
Q

Final Urine

A
  • averages 1.5L/day
  • ranges 50-1200mOsM
  • condition dependent
82
Q

Why filter 180L/day? Isn’t the goal efficiency?

A
  • depends on what the body needs and provides the body with real time monitoring
  • monitor changes in cell volume
  • water is the thing we need most so this allows us to filter and retain as much as possible
83
Q

How might the process of filtration occur?

A
  • PRESSURE GRADIENT AND FILTRATION
  • hydraulic pressure
  • osmotic pressure
84
Q

Hydraulic Pressure

A
  • pressure in capillaries > pressure in capsule that leads to filtration
  • pressure from water movement
85
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A
  • pressure from movement of ions
  • pressure in capillaries > pressure in capsule leads to reabsorption
86
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A
  • pushing of fluid onto the chamber (surface)
  • Capillary pressure < capsule pressure -> Reabsorption
87
Q

Movement for Filtration

A

Glomerulus->Bowman’s Capsule - release isosmotic fluid
Proximal Tubule - isosmotic fluid travels to LoH
Descending Loop of Henle - water exits and flows with gradient
Ascending Loop of Henle - ions pumped out without H2O movement
Distal Tubule - hyposmotic fluid enters
Collecting Duct - permeability of water determines [urine]
Prep Urine for Secretion

88
Q

Process of Filtration

A
  1. Glomerulus to Bowman’s Capsule - Proximal Tubule
  2. Surrounded by blood vessel, fluid flows to areas of high concentration to induce reabsorption
  3. water exits - yields hyper-osmotic fluid
  4. ion movement (remove), block water movement, dec concentration without changing volume
  5. Prep Urine
  6. Permeability of H2O and reabsorb water
89
Q

What does alcohol do?

A
  • inhibits the H2O absorption
  • inc excretion and dehydrates because so much water is expelled to dilute the wastes

Anatomy (5 decks)

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