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Anatomy > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Role of Muscle Tissues (3)

A
  1. generate force
  2. generate movement (internally; move blood, waste, bones, etc.)
  3. generate heat (biochemical)
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2
Q

Properties of Muscle Tissue (5)

A
  1. Excitability
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
  5. Adaptability
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3
Q

Excitability

A

the ability to respond to stimulation (stimulus)

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4
Q

Contractility

A

the ability to shorten actively and exert a pull or tension that can be harnessed by connective tissues (response)

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5
Q

Extensibility

A

the ability to continue or contract over a range of resting lengths

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6
Q

Elasticity

A

the ability of a muscle to rebound toward its original length after a contraction

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7
Q

Adaptability

A

muscles will change in response to patterns in use (hypertrophy and atrophy - use it or lose it)

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8
Q

Muscle Types (3)

A
  • striated skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth (internal organs)
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9
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • has striated appearance (indicate tight compact of myofilaments)
  • multiple nuclei
  • has fibers (=cells) 10-100um in diameter and lengths 100mm-1m
  • myofilaments must be aligned in the muscles for contraction
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10
Q

Muscle Organization (smallest to largest)

A

muscle fiber > muscle fascicle > skeletal muscle

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11
Q

myo-

A

“muscle”

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12
Q

Myofibrils (=microfilaments)

A
  • contractile proteins
  • regulatory proteins (mediate contraction)
  • accessory proteins (maintain alignment)
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13
Q

Contractile Proteins

A
  • myosin
  • actin
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14
Q

Myosin

A
  • composes “thick” filaments
  • consists of 2 intertwined heavy chains
  • has bulbous “head” at extremes (fitted with hinge for swiveling)
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15
Q

Actin

A
  • composes “thin” filaments
  • consists of polymerized globular proteins
  • includes paired, twisted actin polymers
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16
Q

Sarcomeres

A
  • have crossbridges
  • give rise to striations
  • connect between actin and myosin
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17
Q

In the crossbridges…

A
  • the A band does not change in distance
  • when ATP binds, “actin slides over myosin”
  • the I band and H zone shortens
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18
Q

Titin…

A
  • provides elasticity and stabilizes myosin
  • largest known protein
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19
Q

Nebulin…

A
  • helps align actin
  • makes sure actin slides in 1 plane
  • makes sure actin is in correct position for myosin to bind (IMPORTANT)
  • no nebulin can cause muscle paralysis
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20
Q

Muscle Contraction (simplified - 4 steps)

A

Chemical signal > electrical signals > Ca2+ signals > Excitation > Contraction/relaxation cycle

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21
Q

The Power Stroke

A
  • Myosin heads bind actin filaments (bind to single monomer - specific)
  • crossbridges push filaments inward
  • myosin heads release actin filaments
  • myosin heads bind NEW actin molecules
  • must have control over power stroke
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22
Q

Tropomyosin

A
  • is an elongated protein
  • blocks myosin-binding sites (partially)
  • allows weak actin-myosin binding
    (resting position is blocking interaction)
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23
Q

Troponin

A
  • controls position of tropomyosin
  • binds calcium reversibly
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24
Q

2 Regulatory Proteins for Protein Contraction

A
  1. Tropomyosin
  2. Troponin
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25
Q

Contraction Regulation

A
  1. Increase cytosolic calcium
  2. Binds
  3. Tropomyosin shifts, exposing binding site on G-actin
  4. Power Stroke
  5. G-actin moves
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26
Q

Sarcomeres contain…

A

thick and thin filaments

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27
Q

Myofibrils are surrounded by…

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium

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28
Q

Muscle fibers are surrounded by…

A

endomysium

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29
Q

Muscle fascicles are surrounded by…

A

perimysium

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30
Q

Skeletal muscle is surrounded by…

A

epimysium

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31
Q

Properties of muscles and of the muscular system

A
  • muscles have directionality (must pull in same plane and must be aligned; stretching)
    -muscles work in antagonistic pairs for every plane of movement
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32
Q

Muscles must work in groups

A
  • must engage large groups simultaneously
  • use many muscles to actually function
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33
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers (2)

A
  1. Fast (White) Fibers
  2. Slow (Red) Fibers
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34
Q

Fast (White) Fibers

A
  • are larger in diameter - due to many densely packed myofibrils
  • have low glycogen, low mitochondria
  • fatigue easily
  • can contract in 0.01 sec or less following stimulation
  • minimal lag time - reflexes = white fibers
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35
Q

Slow (Red) Fibers

A
  • 1/2 diameter of fast fibers
  • more glycogen, more mitochondria, more myoglobin
  • fatigue slowly
  • contract 0.03-0.05 sec after stimulation (slower)
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36
Q

Force ____ as cross-sectional area ____.

A

increases, increases

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37
Q

Fascicle Orientations

A
  • parallel
  • bipennate
  • multipennate
  • circular
  • convergent
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38
Q

Parallel

A
  • give most range of motion
  • least amount of force
  • limited repetition
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39
Q

Bipennate

A

pennate - at an angle
- increases force
- less range of motion

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40
Q

Muscles - Supportive Structures

A
  • tendons
  • fascia
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41
Q

Tendons

A
  • attach muscles to bones
  • high tensile strength in same plane of contraction (soft tissue)
  • lots of collagen
  • composite nature gives it strength
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42
Q

Tendonitis

A
  • inflammation of the tendon
  • caused by:
    overuse
    impact
    more common while growing
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43
Q

Fascia

A
  • attach muscles to other muscles
  • dermis to muscle connection
  • not meant to endure strain
  • is a network to hold things (muscles) in place
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44
Q

Dr. K’s 5 Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Movement

A
  1. All skeletal muscles cross at least one joint
  2. The bulk of skeletal muscles lies proximal to the joint crossed
  3. All skeletal muscles have at least 2 attachment points (origin and insertion)
  4. Skeletal muscles PULL; they cannot/do not push
  5. During contraction, the point of insertion moves toward the point of origin
    EXCEPTIONS: lips and hands
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45
Q

Muscle Activity and Body Movement

A
  • movement results when a muscle moves an attached bone
  • 2 attachment points: origin and insertion
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46
Q

Origin

A

attachment to immoveable bone

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47
Q

Insertion

A

attachment to moveable bone

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48
Q

Types of Muscle Contraction

A
  1. Concentric
  2. Static or Isometric
  3. Eccentric
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49
Q

Concentric Contraction

A
  • length of muscle shortens
  • muscle force is greater than the resistance
    “the weight will move because the muscle can generate more force than the weight”
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50
Q

Static or Isometric Contraction

A
  • no change in muscle length
  • muscle force is equal to the resistance
    “the weight will not move”
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51
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A
  • muscle lengthens
  • muscle force is less than resistance
    “putting the weight down or the weight has more force than the muscle can generate”
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52
Q

Role of Muscle

A
  • agonist (bicep pulling up/tricep pulling down)
  • antagonist (tricep relaxes/bicep relaxes)
    (see Dr. K’s chart in notes)
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53
Q

Agonist

A
  • prime mover
  • provides the major force to complete the movement
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54
Q

Antagonist

A
  • action opposes the agonist
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55
Q

Major Muscle Regions (7)

A
  1. arms
  2. shoulders
  3. back
  4. chest
  5. abdominals
  6. legs
  7. calves
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56
Q

Arm Muscles (2)

A
  1. biceps brachii
  2. triceps brachii
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57
Q

Biceps Brachii

A
  • 2 heads
  • parallel fibers
  • prime mover for flexion of the forearm
  • acts to supinate the forearm
  • the antagonist for triceps brachii
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58
Q

Triceps Brachii

A
  • parallel fibers
  • prime mover of elbow extension
  • antagonist of biceps brachii
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59
Q

Shoulders (Deltoids)

A
  • triangular
  • multipennate muscles that form the rounded shape of the shoulders
  • the prime movers of abduction
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60
Q

Trapezius

A
  • the most superficial muscles of the posterior neck and upper trunk
  • extend the head
  • elevate, depress, adduct, and stabilize the scapula
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61
Q

Back Muscles

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Latissimus Dorsi
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62
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A
  • paired large, flat muscles
  • with convergent fascicle arrangement that cover the lower back and flank
  • assists in depression of the arm
  • adducts, extends, and internally rotates the shoulder
  • attaches to thoracic, lumbar, and illium
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63
Q

Pectoralis Major (Chest)

A
  • large fan shaped convergent muscles
  • cover the upper part of the chest and anterior wall of the axilla
  • adduct and flexes the arm
  • 3 regions that work together
    (lift arm from your side)
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64
Q

Abdominals

A
  1. Rectus Abdominus
  2. External Obliques
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65
Q

Rectus Abdominus

A
  • the most superficial muscles of the abdomen
  • responsible for trunk flexion, forced expiration
  • can work different parts with different exercises
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66
Q

External Obliques

A
  • muscles with parallel fascicle orientation that forms the superficial lateral abdominal wall
  • flex the trunk, assist expiration by depressing the ribs
  • supports intra-abdominal viscera
  • attaches to pubis
  • can be part of groin and back pain
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67
Q

Legs

A

Anterior Surface
- sartorius
- quadriceps
- gracilis
Posterior Surface
- hamstring

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68
Q

Sartorius

A
  • largest muscle we have
  • from illiac crest to tibia
  • extends the hip and extends/laterally rotates the knee
  • inserts on tibia
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69
Q

Quadriceps

A

4 parallel muscles
- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus medialis
- vastus intermedius
extends the leg at the knee joint
flexed the thigh at hip joint
(standing to sitting - squat)

70
Q

Gracilis (groin)

A
  • parallel muscle
  • superficial and on the medial surface of the thigh
  • flexes knee
  • adducts the thigh
  • medially rotate the tibia on the femur
71
Q

Hamstring

A
  • parallel fibers
  • includes bicep femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus
  • originates at ischial tuberosity
  • run down the thigh to insert on both sides of the proximal tibia
  • flexes the knee joint and extend hip
72
Q

Calves (gastrocnemius)

A
  • bipennate
  • gastrocnemius is 2-headed
  • fleshes out the superficial dorsum of the tibia
    involved in:
  • plantar flexor of the foot at the talocrural joint
  • flexes the leg at the knee
  • provides the force behind propulsion for walking, running, and jumping
73
Q

What does the Circulatory System do?

A
  • move materials entering the body (oxygen, water, nutrients)
  • move materials within the body (wastes, hormones, immune cells)
  • move materials leaving the body (wastes, carbon dioxide, heat)
74
Q

How might movement be accomplished?

A

PRESSURE GRADIENT DRIVES FLOW
- need to move it faster
- carries nutrients and oxygen
- diffusion is WAY too slow
- compressing a fluid raises the pressure

75
Q

Cardiac Anatomy

A

parts move in sync–> RHYTHMIC COORDINATION
- cardiac muscle
- pericardium
- septum
- atria
- ventricles
- vena cavae
- pulmonary arteries
- pulmonary veins
- atrioventricular valves
- coronary vasculature

76
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • fibers are smaller than in skeletal muscle
  • dependence on diffusion within the cells
  • fibers are striated
  • fibers are joined by intercalated disks (allow smooth force transferral and minimize cramping)
  • fibers connected by gap junctions
  • mitochondria account for 1/3 cell volume
  • high vasculature
77
Q

Pericardium

A
  • membranous sac contain surrounding the heart
  • serosa membrane that helps against abrasion
  • connects to diaphragm for anchoring
78
Q

Septum

A
  • divides the heart into left and right sides
  • contains conductive elements like a neuron
79
Q

Atria

A
  • compartments that lie at the top of the heart
  • thin walled and small
  • collect blood returning to the heart
  • pump blood to ventricles
  • do not generate a lot of force (“weaker”)
    Right Atrium = systemic circulation
    Left Atrium = Pulmonary Circulation (lungs)
80
Q

Ventricles

A
  • compartments that lie at the bottom of the heart
  • thick walled and large
  • pump blood out to the blood vessels
  • larger pressure gradient (further)
    Right Ventricle pumps blood to lungs - slightly smaller/weaker
    Left Ventricle pumps blood to tissues
81
Q

Vena Cavae

A
  • collect peripheral blood
  • dump into right atrium
  • inferior and superior vena cavae
82
Q

Arteries carry blood _____ the heart

A

away from

83
Q

Veins carry blood ______ the heart

A

toward

84
Q

Pulmonary arteries carry blood _____ the lungs.

A

going to

85
Q

Pulmonary Veins carry blood ______ the lungs.

A

leaving

86
Q

Coronary Vasculature

A
  • carries blood for the heart
  • runs in grooves along cardiac surface
  • very small
  • possible rupture
87
Q

Retrograde

A

back flow of blood in the body (NOT GOOD)

88
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

A
  • found between atria and ventricles
  • opened by atrial contraction
  • closed by ventricular contraction
  • helps prevent back flow
89
Q

Types of AV valves

A
  • tricuspid valve (right side - 3 flaps)
  • bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side - 2 flaps)
90
Q

Mitral Valve Regurgitation

A

when blood in left ventricle pushes back up into left atrium

91
Q

Semilunar Valves

A
  • found at the ventricle/artery junction (aortic/pulmonary)
  • prevent back flow
  • look like half moon
92
Q

Types of Circulatory Systems (2)

A
  1. Open
  2. Closed
93
Q

Open Circulatory System

A
  • lacks distinction between blood and interstitial fluid (hemolymph)
  • bathes organs directly
  • found in insects, other arthropods, and most mollusks
  • concentration gradient is OK
  • exchange rates are great
  • all liquid goes through the heart
94
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A
  • confines blood to vessels
  • rare
  • HIGH concentration gradient
  • OK exchange rates
  • highest level of circulation of blood possible
95
Q

Human Vasculature (blood vessels)

A
  • conducts blood throughout the body
  • varies in composition, structure
  • handles, is constrained by pressure, pressure gradients
96
Q

Types of Blood Vessels (6)

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Metarterioles
  4. Capillaries
  5. Veinules
  6. Veins
97
Q

Arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart
  • have lots of smooth muscle, elastic and fibrous tissue
  • subjected to high blood pressure
98
Q

Arterioles

A
  • branch off arteries
  • lack elastic and fibrous tissue
  • have continuous smooth muscle layer
99
Q

Metarterioles

A
  • have only regions of smooth muscle (parts lack smooth muscles)
  • allow blood to be shunted to/from capillaries
100
Q

Capillaries

A
  • are site for blood/interstitial exchange
  • have only epithelial layer
101
Q

Veinules

A
  • have convergent flow pattern
  • possess some smooth muscle
102
Q

Veins

A
  • are convergence point fro veinules
  • have smooth muscle, some elastic tissue
  • muscle contraction allows for blood in veins to move back up to heart
  • small muscle contractions will compress veins pushing blood up to heart
103
Q

All closed Circulatory Systems have… (3)

A
  • a circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
  • a set of tubes (blood vessels)
  • a muscular pump (heart)
104
Q

Blood

A
  • is a type of connective tissue
  • red and white blood cells are in a plasma
  • is primary circulatory matrix (in vertebrates)
    55% plasma 45% RBC ~1% WBCs and platelets
105
Q

Plasma

A
  • consists of ~92% water and dissolved solutes including ions, proteins, hormones, antibodies
  • Sodium and Chloride are major electrolytes
  • transports gases and nutrients
  • serves as the matrix for cellular components
106
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A
  • flattened biconcave discs (doughnut)
  • inc SA for gas diffusion
  • lack nuclei and mitochondria
  • live about 120 days then removed from circulation by phagocytic cells in liver, spleen and bone marrow
  • main goal is transport
  • bags of hemoglobin
107
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • iron containing proteins
  • oxyhemoglobin = with O2
  • deoxyhemoglobin = without O2
108
Q

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

A
  • are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders
  • are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known a hematopoietic stem cells
  • contain nuclei and mitochondria
  • can squeeze through capillary walls then move through tissues in amoeboid fashion
109
Q

WBCs - Granular

A
  • have granules in cytoplasm (contain enzymes)
  • release granules to fight against pathogens
  • are phagocytotic
  • enzymatically digest
110
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • basic, general immune cell
  • kill, digest pathogens
  • have multi-lobes nuclei
  • are most abundant WBC
  • inc neutrophils when stressed
111
Q

BIG DINOSAUR SITUATION

A

Difficulties
- large mass, long necks, compression on vessels, work harder
Overcome
- multiple hearts, need higher pressure to get to target and come back or MASSIVE heart

112
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • pro inflammatory
  • have distinctive red granules, 2-lobed nucleus
  • more O2, more nutrients, heat
113
Q

Basophils

A
  • drive “immune surveillance”
  • release histamine in their granules
  • 1st line of defense
114
Q

WBCs - Agranular

A
  • lack enzyme rich granules
    Two types:
    Monocytes
    Lymphocytes
115
Q

Monocytes (WBC)

A
  • largest WBC
  • phagocytize large particles
116
Q

Lymphocytes (WBC)

A
  • smallest WBC
  • produce antibodies
117
Q

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

A
  • not actually cells
  • fragments of a much larger bone marrow cell
  • megakarocyte
  • promote clotting
  • clotting cascade - rupture triggers the start
118
Q

Platelets - rupture scenario

A
  • stick to collagen exposed by damage to vessel
  • stick to each other and physically plug the leak
119
Q

Roles of Respiratory System

A
  • modify air (warm and moisten)
  • deliver olfactory cues
  • produce sounds
  • regulate blood pH
120
Q

Types of Respiration (3)

A
  1. External
  2. Internal
  3. Cellular Respiration
121
Q

External Respiration

A

exchange of gases by diffusion between alveoli/lung capillaries

122
Q

Internal Respiration

A

exchange of gases between capillaries/body cells

123
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

use of O2 and production of CO2 inside cells (mitochondria)

124
Q

Respiration is predicated on…

A

VENTILATION

125
Q

Ventilation

A

breathing
- physical movement of air in and out of the lungs
inhale = inspire
exhale = expire

126
Q

What has to happen to achieve inhalation and exhalation?

A
  • pressure gradient created by a pump (exhale under pressure and inhale by negative pressure)
  • need for bulk flow of air mass into and out of the body
127
Q

Positive Pressure

A

pressure in lungs is increased (positive) compared to that of the outside air resulting in out flow

128
Q

Negative Pressure

A

pressure in the lungs is lowered (negative) below that of external air pressure favoring in flow

129
Q

What happens in high altitude?

A

high altitude = lower external pressure
- difficult to change internal pressure to be lower than external
- decreasing pressure that much makes it difficult to create pressure gradient and difficult to breathe

130
Q

Issues with this respiration

A
  • water flows in easily but the hydrogens removed from water is difficult to get rid of
  • dependent on external pressure
  • if we cannot change volume of thorax = dead
  • dependent on muscles
131
Q

Resistance…

A

opposes flow
- we want flow of gases

132
Q

Flow…

A

= change in pressure
= 1/resistance
= change in pressure / resistance

133
Q

Resistance…

A

= L (length of tube) / r^4 (radius of tube)

  • inc radius = dec resistance
134
Q

Ideal Surface for Respiratory Exchange

A
  • thin
  • lots of surface area
  • elevated/stable temp
  • highly vascularized
135
Q

Problems with ideal surface…

A
  • space
  • energy
  • eat/breathe in same path
  • force can cause rupture
  • thin/flexibility decreases with age
  • high mitosis = cancer
136
Q

2 Regions of Respiratory Anantomy

A
  1. Upper Respiratory Tract - nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
  2. Lower Respiratory Tract - larynx and down
137
Q

Nasal Cavity

A
  • divided in half by nasal septum - bone and cartilage
  • 3 pairs of nasal conchae
  • more SA
  • moisten, warm and filter air
  • lined with mucous membrane
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • extensive network of blood vessels
138
Q

How does nasal cavity work?

A
  • blood vessels warm incoming air
  • mucus traps particles and pathogens
  • cilia sweep it back toward throat to be swallowed
  • pathogens destroyed by stomach
139
Q

Pharynx

A
  • funnel-shaped passage posterior to oral and nasal passages
  • common to food, air
  • occurs in 3 parts
140
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • posterior to nasal cavity, above soft palate
  • contains pharyngeal tonsil and opening of auditory tube
  • balance pressure
141
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • posterior to oral cavity (region)
  • below soft palate
  • common passage for food and air
142
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • inferior to oropharynx
  • connects to larynx and esophagus
143
Q

What does the pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx) primarily do?

A

Warm and moisten air

144
Q

Larynx

A
  • composed of cartilage, ligaments, muscle
  • uniquely respiratory tissue
  • houses vocal cords
  • mucous membrane extends inward and forms 2 pairs of vocal folds
145
Q

False Vocal Cords…

A

close during swallowing to prevent food entry

146
Q

True Vocal Cords…

A

vibrate to produce sounds

147
Q

Glottis

A

opening between left and right true vocal cords

148
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • hinges over glottis during swallowing, preventing food inhalation
  • works in consort with glottis which also closes
149
Q

Why must babies learn to swallow before leaving the hospital?

A

swallowing is not reflexive

150
Q

Why do men have an Adam’s Apple?

A
  • it occurs from high levels of testosterone
  • usually makes the voice deeper
151
Q

Thoracic Cage

A
  • is composed of ribs, spine, and muscles
  • affords protection, structure, and resistance
  • chamber of variable volume with diaphragm to create pressure for air flow
152
Q

Pleural Sacs (membranes)

A
  • are fluid filled, double walled
  • encompass lung
  • afford structure, protection, ease, ventilation
  • fluid makes it very hard to separate between outer surface of the lung and the inner surface of the ribs
153
Q

Inspiration

A
  • depends on alveolar pressure
  • occurs when thoracic volume increases
  • must increase the volume and decrease the pressure of the thoracic cage to inspire
154
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • contracts moving downward to inspire
  • causes 60-70% of volume change
155
Q

External Intercostals/Scalene Muscles

A
  • lift ribs up and away form spine
  • move ribs outward laterally
156
Q

Trachea

A
  • is a semi-flexible tube supported by cartilaginous rings
  • enters thorax and divides into 2 branches
157
Q

Primary Bronchi

A
  • 1st divisions of trachea
  • radius cannot be changed
  • semi-rigid tubes supported by cartilage
  • branch into smaller bronchi
158
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • smallest branches of the bronchi
  • are small and collapsible
  • have smooth muscle walls
  • last branch before alveoli
159
Q

Why use a paper bag for hyperventilating?

A

Breathing into the bag forces an increased inhalation of CO2 which makes your body slow the breathing because it doesn’t want to inhale CO2 at such a high rate

160
Q

Diameter _____ as branching _____.

A

decreases, increases

161
Q

Surface Area ______ as branching ________.

A

increases, increases

162
Q

Cross-Sectional Area _____ as branching _________.

A

increases, increases

163
Q

Why is it better to stand up with hand over head after running too many sprints?

A

it allows your thoracic cage a better ability to expand to better the breathing

164
Q

Why is it so hard to breathe in the Himalayas?

A

The external pressure is too low and we cannot get the internal pressure to be low enough to create a big enough pressure difference for bulk flow breathing to occur.

165
Q

Adaptations to overcome Himalayan altitude?

A
  • increase alveoli
  • decrease resistance
  • bigger lungs
  • increase flow
  • more tubes
166
Q

Alveoli

A
  • sacs at the end of terminal bronchioles
  • are sights for gas exchange
  • compose the majority of pulmonary tissue
  • consist of a single epithelial layer
  • lack muscular layer
  • are in close association with capillaries
167
Q

2 Subtypes of Alveoli

A

Type I
Type II

168
Q

Type I Alveoli

A
  • most common
  • very thin
  • high SA
  • allow for gas exchange
169
Q

Type II Alveoli

A
  • less common
  • secrete surfactant
170
Q

Why is surfactant important?

A

helps break the surface tension of the moisture on the alveoli to allow for better expansion and easier breathing

171
Q

Why are alveoli/lungs very vascularized?

A
  • to increase circulation
  • lungs have high conc. of O2 and blood will have low conc. causing an efficient diffusion flow and the blood will circulate faster
172
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

excitable tissue capable of contraction

Anatomy (5 decks)

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