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Anatomy > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 levels of organization?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ System
  6. Organismal
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2
Q

What is integument?

A
  • Includes skin, hair, nails, etc.
  • forms the border between the organism and the environment (can be internal and external)
  • site of many sensory receptors
  • highly variable composite organ (layers)
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3
Q

Functions of Integument (9)

A
  • prevents entrance of pathogens
  • resists mechanical injury
  • aids in gas exchange
  • aids in thermoregulation
  • supports sensory receptors
  • gives rise to teeth
  • produces secretory glands
  • balances salt/water
    -provides basis for claws, horns, etc.
    AND MORE!!!
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4
Q

Tissue

A

collection of cells and extracellular material that perform a specific or limited range of functions

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5
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connection
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

An avascular layer of cells covering internal or external surfaces
(surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities/passageways, forms certain glands)
- has high rates of growth (common for cancer)

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7
Q

Role of Epithelial Tissue (4)

A
  • Physical Protection
  • Permeability Control
  • Sensation Trigger
  • Specialized Secretions
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8
Q

ecto-

A

“outer”

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9
Q

meso-

A

“middle”

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10
Q

endo-

A

“inner”

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11
Q

Anatomy

A

“to cut apart” ~ a process
- ideals with the structural organization of living things
- tied to developmental, embryological, histological, and historical studies
“form dictates function dictates form”

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12
Q

Aspects of Biology Dictated by Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A
  • neurons
  • digestion (intestines)
  • hibernation
  • baby heads
  • cutaneous breathing
  • intestinal villi
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13
Q

Modulators of Diffusion

A
  • distance
  • particle size
  • temperature
  • concentration gradient
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14
Q

Why are baby heads so big?

A

Need big brain to survive so the size of the brain is optimizes in the least possible surface area
- increase exchange
- birthing now is as simple as it can be

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15
Q

Surface Area (SA) to Volume (V) Ratio does what?

A

Facilitates rate of exchange
- As V increases, relative SA decreases therefore substrate for exchange in reactions decreases
- want a higher SA:V ratio ~ occurs with smaller volume (ex: alveoli)

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16
Q

How to maximize exchange rate?

A
  • Want thin layers (less distance to travel across)
  • Concentration gradient
  • Pressure gradient (b/c diffusion occurs too slow)
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17
Q

Pressure-Volume Relationships

A

If V increase, Pressure decreases
If V decreases, Pressure increases

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18
Q

3 Types of Epithelial Tissue (shapes)

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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19
Q

Layer Naming

A

Single Layer - Simple
Multiple Layers - Stratified
Columnar can also be “pseudostratified”

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20
Q

lumen

A

“inside”

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21
Q

vascular

A

“blood supply”

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22
Q

basal

A

“basement” or “bottom”

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23
Q

apical

A

“outermost” surface

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24
Q

Role of Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

A

Lining surfaces

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25
Q

Role of Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

A

Secretory glands, absorption, diffusion

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26
Q

Role of Pseudostratified Epithelial Tissue

A

Respiration, trachea, lungs

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27
Q

Role of Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

A

Skin, abrasions

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28
Q

Connective Tissue is…

A
  • Composed of cells in acellular matrix (fluid, protein fibers, minerals)
  • has diverse roles
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29
Q

Roles of Connective Tissue (6)

A
  • structural framework
  • fluid and solute transport
  • physical protection
  • tissue interconnection
  • fat/nutrient/mineral storage
    -microorganism defense
30
Q

3 Types of Connective Tissues

A
  1. Connective Tissue Proper
  2. Fluid Connective Tissue
  3. Supporting Connective Tissues
31
Q

2 Types of Connective Tissue Proper

A
  1. Loose
  2. Dense
32
Q

2 Types of Fluid Connective Tissues

A
  1. Blood
  2. Lymph
33
Q

2 Types of Supporting Connective Tissue

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone
34
Q

Loose Fibrous

A
  • Loose Connective Tissue
  • Includes collagen fibers and fat cells
  • common in lungs
35
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A
  • patterned
  • tightly packed network of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
  • common in tendons
36
Q

Fluid Connective (Blood and Lymph)

A

Work together and connect acellular matrix with cells inside

37
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Dense and compact but still able to move (jelly-like)
Possesses lacunae (holes) where the cells are located
located in joints, respiratory tract

38
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

densely packed collagen fibers in matrix
lacunae where chondrocytes are located
(between vertebra)

39
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

flexible, not ordered
elastic fibers in matrix
cell in lacunae
in nose, ears

40
Q

Bone - Supporting Connective Tissue

A
  • Mineralized, dense
  • Collagen fibers resist bending
  • Calcium salts resist compression
  • Matrix
  • Diffusion through canaliculi nourishes
41
Q

Epithelial Membranes

A
  • Composed of epithelium and connective tissue
  • Include mucous and serous membranes
42
Q

Mucus Membranes

A
  • line body cavities and hollow passageways that open to external environment (digestive, respiratory, excretory, reproductive)
  • mucus produced by epithelial cells and covers them underlying connective tissue (lamina propria - “own layer)
43
Q

Serosa Membranes

A
  • line internal cavities with no exit (peritoneal, thorax)
  • epithelium forms a bag that secretes and contains small amount of watery fluid
44
Q

3 Serosa Membranes

A
  1. Pleura (lungs, trachea, pleural space)
  2. Pericardium (heart)
  3. Peritoneum
45
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • Generates and propagates (move directionally) electrical signals
  • Transfers, processes, and stores info (moves fast)
46
Q

6 Parts of the Neuron (and what they do)

A
  1. Synaptic Terminals (where info is transferred)
  2. Axon (where info is transmitted)
  3. Cell Body (where info info integrates)
  4. Dendrites (where info enters)
  5. Nucleus
  6. Axon Hillock (where action potential is born)
47
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  • Excitable tissue capable of contraction
  • generates force, motion, and heat
48
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • striated
  • multiple nuclei (cell fusion and development)
  • controlled by voluntary nervous system
  • moves and stabilizes the skeleton
49
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • NOT striated
  • single nucleus
  • digestive, vascular, eye muscle
  • involuntary contraction
50
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • only in the heart, gets little rest
  • intercalated discs - a spring like attachment
  • striations
  • single nucleus
  • cells attached by gap junction (shared cytoplasm)
  • short branched fibers
  • involuntary contraction
  • blood circulation
  • blood pressure
51
Q

Organ

A

a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions

52
Q

Organ System

A

a group of organs working in consort/with coordination to perform a specific function or group of functions

53
Q

Integument

A

a highly variable, composite organ that forms the border (can be internal) between the organism and the environment
ex: skin, hair, teeth, nails, mammary glands, digestive tract, mouth, etc

54
Q

Functions of Integument

A
  • Prevent entrance of pathogens
  • Resist mechanical injury
  • Aids in gas exchange
  • Aids in thermoregulation
  • Supports sensory receptors
  • Gives rise to teeth
  • Produces secretory glands
  • Balances salt/water
  • Provides basis for claws, horns etc.
    AND MORE!
55
Q

epi-

A

“on top of”

56
Q

hypo-

A

“below”

57
Q

3 Main Levels of Integument

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
58
Q

Epidermis

A
  • outer integumentary layer
  • composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
  • multiple strata (layers)
59
Q

Stratum Germinativum (Bassale)

A
  • Just above basement membrane
  • Composed of rapidly dividing cuboidal cells) precursor of the keratinocytes of the epidermis
  • stem cells !!!!
  • new cells in push the more superficial cells upward
  • cells differentiate into keratinocytes, flatten, and die
60
Q

2 Types of Cells in Basal Layer

A
  1. Merkel Cells
  2. Melanocytes
61
Q

Merkel Cells

A
  • non-neural receptors for pressure and broad touch
62
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • house and produce melanin
63
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

“spiny” appearance under histological prep
- 8-10 layers of keratinocytes
- formed by increased cell division in stratum bassale
- SYNTHESIZE Keratin, release water, repel glycolipids (makes skin somewhat water proof
- want to keep water in

64
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • thick cell membrane
  • cells flatten and cell membranes thicken
  • generate lots of protein (keratin sheets and keratohyalin)
65
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • named for translucent appearance in histological prep
  • densely packed, dead, flattened keratinocytes
  • filled with eleiden (clear protein rich in lipids, provides a barrier to water)
66
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • dead, cornified (keratin filled) cells
  • reduce water loss
  • protect from abrasion and mechanical damage
    Ex: think of calluses. they form with increased abrasions and can form by either not shedding as much or increasing reproduction to thicken the layer. The Merkel Cells detect the increased abrasion
67
Q

Dermis

A
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • 2 layers (stratum laxum - pappilary layer - hair like) & (Stratum compactum - reticular layer - zigzag)
  • gives skin tightness, wrinkle- free stretching
  • can give rise to dermal bone
  • ossification of fibers – plates of bone and form integumental skeleton
    (lots of dermal bone is lost bc its very heavy)
68
Q

Stratum Laxum/ Papillary Layer

A
  • loose collagen and elastin fibers
  • projects into stratum bassale of epidermis to form papillae
  • abundance of small blood vessels
69
Q

Stratum Compactum/Reticular Layer

A
  • dense network of connective tissue
  • highly vascular, sensory nerve supply
  • elastin fibers enable skin movement
  • collagen fibers provide structure and strength
  • holds tight but allows multidirectional movement
70
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • connective tissue
  • connects skin to fibrous tissue of the bones and muscles
  • well vascularized
  • loosely connective and adipose tissue
  • not strictly a part of the integument

Anatomy (5 decks)

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