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biodiversity fau brooks > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

-vermiform=worm-shaped form
-metamerism=segmentation
*homonomous with metameres=segements-essentially repeated morphologically
-setae=chaeta
-parapodia
-closed circulation
-metanephridia
-movement: crawling and swimming
-trochophore larva-found in some annelids and mollusks, shows evidence for evolutionary link between the 2
-annelids=rings

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2
Q

Class Polychaeta

A

-“many setae”
-well-developed head
-parapodia
-sandworm, tubeworm, palalo worm, fireworm
-have operculum

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3
Q

Class Oligochaeta

A

-“few setae”
-earthworms
-poorly-developed head
-clitellum
-respiration through diffusion, which requires moist skin
-no parapodia
-no/reduced eyes
-no larvae

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4
Q

Class Hirudinea

A

-“leeches”
-blood-sucking parasites
-some carnivorous
-coelom filled w/ mesenchyme
-setae usually absent
-open circulation
-clitellum present
-anticoagulant called hirudin that allows them to suck the blood without clogging it

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5
Q

Annelids have a very complex ______, bigger than any other animal.

A

Coelom

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6
Q

Parapodia

A

feet on the side, present in polychaeta, but not oligochaeta
-supported by chitinous rods

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7
Q

Clitellum

A

reproductive part of an annelid’s body that encloses the earthworm’s eggs

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8
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

-largest animal group
-heternomous metamerism
-tagma-head, thorax, abdomen
*exoskeleton-cuticle and epidermis, musculature (flexors and extensors), articulations
*excretory system-malpighian tubules and green gland
*respiratory systems-gills and book lungs, trachea w/ spriacles
*circulatory system-open (but surprisingly efficient), heart w/ ostia and hemocoel
*coelom is degenerate-most abundant phylum has essentially done away with a coelom in the adult form
*molting (=ecdysis) hormonal control
*compound eye-consists of ommitidium that have photoreceptors, cornea, lens

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9
Q

Phylum Arthropoda contains the most significant groups, especially ________, as they impacted nearly every other major group over their evolutionary history and are found in nearly every kind of habitat.

A

Insects

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10
Q

On land, plants have a love/hate relationship with arthropods as they are vital for _______ __________, but feed vocariously on plant leaves and stems (one of the main reasons plants produce so many secondary compounds is to defend themselves chemically from being eaten; these compounds represent a rich source of potential medicines).

A

Plant pollination

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11
Q

In seas, arthropods have been successful for even longer w/ representative fossils showing early ________ prescence.

A

Paleozoic

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12
Q

Heteromonous Metamerism

A

unlike annelids with essentially repeating segments, arthropods have combined segments into specialized regions called tagma. this specialization along w/ flexible joints (arthropod means jointed feet) has given these animals advantages in locomotion, from walking to flying to swimming.

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13
Q

All arthropods have tagma except for _________ and _________.

A

centipedes and millipedes

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14
Q

Most abundant skeleton is the _________.

A

exoskeleton

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15
Q

Exoskeleton is actually a _______ b/c it is produced by epidermis.

A

cuticle

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16
Q

The main component of a cuticle is ________, while some arthropods have ___________ to harden it.

A

chitin; calcium carbonate

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17
Q

Articulations are the ______ of the exoskeleton

A

soft parts

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18
Q

Ecdysone (from y-organ or prothoracic gland)->

A

molt

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19
Q

Molt-inhibiting hormone (from x-organ)->

A

no molting

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20
Q

Arthropods Classification

A

-appendages: biramous vs uniramous
-mouth parts-chelicerae and pedipalps vs. mandibles
-antennae

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21
Q

Biramous Appendages

A

branches into 2, consists of a series of segments

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22
Q

Uniramous Appendages

A

single series of segments attached from end-to-end
-most abundant appendage

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23
Q

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

A

-phylum arthropoda
-extinct
-biramous
-antennae (one pair)

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24
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata

A

-phylum arthropoda
-mostly terrestrial (some marine)
-body plan: prosoma, opistoma, telson
-chelicerae (1) and pedipalps (1)
-uniramous-4 pairs
-6 pairs of appendages all together
-respiration-book lungs and gills; tracheae
-class arachnida, merostomata, and pycnogonida

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25
Q

Class Arachnida

A

-subphylum chelicerata
-terrestrial
-chelicarae w/ fangs
-web-building

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26
Q

Class Merostomata

A

-subphylum chelicerata
-aquatic
-horseshoe crabs
-giant water scorpion (extinct)

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27
Q

Class Pycnogonida

A

-subphylum chelicerata
-sea spiders
-4 leg pairs (usually)
-ovigerous legs (male)
-organs extend into legs

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28
Q

Subphylum Crustacea

A

-phylum arthropoda
-cephalothoracic segments
-thoracic segments
-abdominal segments
-cuticle hardened by calcium carbonate
-larval forms: naupilus, zoea, megalops

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29
Q

Cephalothoracic Segments of Subphylum Crustacea

A

-eye->1st antennae (antennules)->2nd antennae->1st and 2nd maxillae

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30
Q

Thoracic Segments of Subphylum Crustacea

A

-1st, 2nd, and 3rd maxillipeds->chelipeds->pereiopods (walking legs)

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31
Q

Abdominal Segments of Subphylum Crustacea

A

-pleopods (swimmerets)
-tail (telson/uropods)

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32
Q

Class Crustacea

A

-order copepoda
-order cirripedia
-order isopoda
-order decapoda

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33
Q

Order Copepoda

A

-planktonic
-abundant
-copepods

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34
Q

Order Cirripedia

A

-barnacles
-marine
-some symbiotic
-feathery/fluffy feet

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35
Q

Order Isopoda

A

-marine (except pill bugs)
-isopods

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36
Q

Order Decapoda

A

-largest group
-crabs, lobsters and shrimp

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37
Q

Subphylum Uniramia

A

-class insecta
-class chilopoda
-class diplopoda

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38
Q

Class Insecta

A

-largest animal group
-body plan-3 tagma: head, thorax, abdomen
-4 pairs of appendages-3 pairs of legs, 1 pair of mandibles
-metamorphosis and instars
-ametabolous=apterygota-bristletail and silverfish
-metabolous-pterygota
*hemimetabolous (incomplete)-exopterygota w/ nymphs-ex. grasshoppers
*holometabolous (complete)-endopterygota w/ larva, pupa w/ cocoon-ex. butterflies

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39
Q

As an insect matures, it undergoes _____?

A

molting

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40
Q

The intermediate molt stages prior to reaching the adult stage is sometimes called ________.

A

instars

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41
Q

Typically, there are ____ instars prior to reaching the adult stages.

A

5-8

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42
Q

Those few species that do not undergo a metamorphosis to reach the adult stage are called _________. in addition to lacking metamorphosis, they do not produce wings and are also referred to as the group ______.

A

ametabolous; apterygota

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43
Q

Most insects undergo metamorphosis and are called ________; they also have wings (at least some individuals) and are in the group __________.

A

metabolous; pterygota

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44
Q

However, some in the pterygota group undergo a partial or incomplete metamorphosis and are called _________, while others undergo a complete metamorphosis and are called _________.

A

hemimetabolous; holometabolous

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45
Q

Class Chilopoda

A

-subphylum uniramia
-centipedes
-poison gland
-repugnatorial gland
-carnivorous

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46
Q

Class Diplopoda

A

-subphylum uniramia
-millipedes
-diplosegment (fused pair of segments)
-poison gland

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47
Q

Phylum Onychophora

A

-a missing link?
-velvet worms
-terrestrial worms resembling annelids and arthropods
-soft cuticle
-segmented nephridia
-non-jointed appendages
-hemocoel
-trachae
-molts cuticle
-feeding appendages

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48
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

-deuterostomes
-marine w/ spiny skin & pentamerous (5-pointed) radial symmetry
-water vascular system w/ tube feet (podia)

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49
Q

Class Crinoidea

A

-phylum echinodermata
-sea lilies
-feather stars
-use arms for filter feeding
-abundant during the paleozoic

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50
Q

Class Asteroidea

A

-phylum echinodermata
-sea stars
-five arms (usually)

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51
Q

Class Ophiuroidea

A

-phylum echinodermata
-brittle stars
-basket stars
-central disk contains organs of reproduction, digestion and respiration
-five arms (usually)

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52
Q

Class Echinoidea

A

-phylum echinodermata
-regular echinoids-sea urchins
-irregular echinoids-sand dollars, heart urchins, sea bisquits

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53
Q

Class Holothuroidea

A

-phylum echinodermata
-sea cucumbers
-cylindrical w/ tertiary bilateral symmetry

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54
Q

Phylum Chaetognatha

A

-arrow worms
-marine planktonic predator

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55
Q

Phylum Hemichordata

A

-acorn worms
-at one time thought to possess part of a notochord (lack); thus, the prefix “hemi” does possess gill slits, which is also a chordate feature
-possess proboscis, pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord

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56
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

-muscles segments
-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve cord
-mouth
-pharyngeal slits or clefts
-post-anal tail

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57
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

A

-“nonvertebrate chordate”
-tunicates and sea squirts are basically the name of the same type of animal, which consists of sessile adults w/ 2 tubes (siphons) to move water in/out of body. as larvae, these animals have tadpole-like form (tadpole larva) and possess a notochord w/in the body extending into the tail-thus, the name “uro” (tail) “chordate” (notochord).
-larvaceans are related animals that never metamorphose into sea squirts, but rather stay in larval tadpole form through a process called neoteny
-larval stage has all 4 chordate features, but adult stage only retains the pharyngeal slits

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58
Q

Subphylum Cephalochordata

A

-lancelets are streamlined animals w/ notochord that is not only found in body and tail, but also extends into head-thus the name “cephalo” (head) “chordate” (notochord)
-larval and adult stage have all 4 chordate features

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59
Q

Clearly, both chordates and cephalochordates are closely related to each other based on the possession of a _________. Thus, vertebrate origins are linked to these 2 groups.

A

Notochord

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60
Q

The fossil record supports the assumption that the prototypical 1st vertebrate was likely a fish-type animal called the ___________.

A

Pikaia

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61
Q

Larvaceans result from a process called ________ which basically means when a juvenile/larval type form through mutation possess the ability to reproduce

A

paedomorphosis (paedogenesis)

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62
Q

Somatic Tissues

A

non-reproductive tissues, such as the muscles, bone, and skin

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63
Q

Germinal Tissues

A

reproductive tissues, such as the ovaries and testes

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64
Q

Paedomorphosis can occur in 2 ways: _______ and _______.

A

Neoteny and Progenesis

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65
Q

Neoteny

A

somatic tissues slow down relative to the germinal tissues during development

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66
Q

Progenesis

A

germinal tissues speed up relative to the somatic tissues during development

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67
Q

In humans, if neoteny occurs during development, the bones and tissues will not reach their normal adult size/mass, but the gonads will continue their normal rate of development. This means that a child reaching puberty may be considerably smaller but can still reproduce. This is called ________.

A

Dwarfism

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68
Q

If a child’s gonads accelerate in development, but the somatic tissues develop at the normal rate, then sexual maturity can be reached as early as ___.

A

5 y/o

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69
Q

One very important endocrine gland called the ________ is extremely important in development/metamorphosis in many vertebrates and is potentially impacted in paedomorphic scenarios.

A

Thyroid gland

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70
Q

Paedomorphic forms of ___________ (larvaceans) have a fish-like body.

A

urochordates

71
Q

___________ already have a fish-shaped form.

A

Cephalochordates

72
Q

Cephalochordates and Urochordates, in addition to the ________ have what it takes to have given rise to the first vertebrates.

A

Notochord

73
Q

Most vertebrate groups are _______, which arose during the _________ era. Amphibians and some reptiles were also well-represented during this time frame.

A

fishes; paleozoic

74
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata Main Features

A

-notochord
-heart
-appendicular girdles
-jaws

75
Q

Notochord

A

-present in all vertebrates but may not persist in adults
-for example, in humans part of the notochord develops into vertebrae while other parts become the invertebral discs
-a common affliction of our vertebral column is a slipped or ruptured disc
-developed from mesoderm

76
Q

In fishes, they have ___ heart chambers.

A

2

77
Q

In amphibians and most reptiles, they have __ heart chambers.

A

3

78
Q

In crocodiles, alligators, birds, and mammals, they have ___ heart chambers.

A

4

79
Q

The development of the heart coincides with the evolutionary move onto land and the concomitant requirement of _________ __________ ___________ found in birds and mammals.

A

increased metabolic demands

80
Q

Appendicular Girdles

A

-found in most vertebrates consisting of a complex of bones to support the appendages in tetrapods (4-legged vertebrates)

81
Q

The anterior pair of legs are supported by the _______ girdle.

A

Pectoral

82
Q

The posterior pair of legs are supported by the ________ girdle.

A

Pelvic

83
Q

Fishes possess fins from the same girdles (pectoral and pelvic), which subsequently evolved into walking appendages found in _________, into legs in ________, ______, and _______.

A

amphibians; reptiles, birds, and mammals

84
Q

Humans stood upright on the pelvic-derived legs to become ________.

A

Bipedal (walking on 2 legs)

85
Q

Jaws

A

developed from the support material called hyoid arches associated with the pharyngeal slits

86
Q

Class Agnatha

A

-subphylum vertebrata
-“jawless fishes”
-ostracoderms (extinct)
-cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes) have persistent notochord and 2-chambered heart

87
Q

Class Gnathostome

A

-subphylum vertebrata
-evolution of jaw
-hyoid (gill) arch->jaw

88
Q

Class Placodermi

A

-subphylum vertebrata
-extinct
-the first jawed fishes

89
Q

Class Chondrichthyes

A

-subphylum vertebrata
-sharks, skates, and rays
-cartilaginous fishes-rarely get tumors
-notochord persistent
-sub-terminal mouth
-2-chambered heart
-no gill cover (operculum) except in ratfish
-no swim bladder, rather they have lipids in their liver to assist in maintaining buoyancy`

90
Q

Shark Diversity

A

sharks were extremely abundant during the paleozoic and have been diminishing in abundance ever since. many extant members today greatly resemble fossilized forms
-stingrays, electric skate, manta ray, ratfish (chimaera)

91
Q

Other Features of Sharks (Class Chondrichthyes)

A

-shark teeth
-placoid scales

92
Q

Class Osteichthyes

A

-subphylum vertebrata
-bony fishes
-notochord may persist
-terminal mouth
-2-chambered heart
-operculum
-swim bladder
-exoskeleton hardened by calcium phosphate

93
Q

Subclass Sarcopterygii

A

-class osteichthyes
-lobe-finned fishes
-have lobed fins, which are likely leg precursors

94
Q

Order Crossopterygii

A

-subclass sarcopterygii
-coelocanth are likely fish most closely related to amphibians, living fossils

95
Q

Order Dipnuesti

A

-subclass sarcopterygii
-lungfishes possess lungs and can aestivate-or become inactive in the mud of rivers in which the water levels have subsided. in these dryer conditions, the lungfish burrows in a muddy cocoon, lowers its metabolic rate, and starts to breathe air exclusively. these present-day fishes (and other types of fishes, such as walking catfish) show that fishes could have easily evolved into air-breathing amphibians
-swim bladder used for gas exchange when ponds dry up

96
Q

Subclass Actinopterygii

A

-class osteichthyes
-ray-finned fishes
-primitive groups-sturgeon and gar, have primitive thick diamond-shaped ganoid scale
-notochord persists in these primitive ray-finned fishes
-teleosts-the notochord is replaced in these higher bony-fishes (and in remaining vertebrate groups)
-high species diversity
-most vertebrate species are in this group
-cycloid and ctenoid scales
-caudal fin types in fishes (heterocercal, homocercal, diphycercal)

97
Q

Heterocercal Caudal fin is present in _________.

A

class chondrichthyes

98
Q

Homocercal Caudal fin is present in ________.

A

class osteichthyes

99
Q

Diphycercal Caudal fin is present in ________.

A

class osteichthyes

100
Q

Larvaceans stay in larval form via _________, most likely _______.

A

paedogenesis; neoteny

101
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord = _________.

A

spinal cord

102
Q

Lancelets (phylum cephalochordata) are the same thing as ________.

A

amphioxus

103
Q

______ has the highest metabolic rate of all vertebrates.

A

birds

104
Q

Agnathans have a _______, but no ______.

A

mouth; jaw

105
Q

Lampreys and hagfishes (cyclostomes) are _________.

A

parasitic

106
Q

Gnathostome=________.

A

jawed mouth

107
Q

Evolutionary link between fishes and amphibians

A

Ichthyostega (extinct)
-the genus name literally means “fish with legs” which represents a fossil transitional form of a fish w/ amphibian-like characteristics. other fossils exist

108
Q

Class Amphibia

A

-name means “dual life”
-transitional group moving from water on to land
-reproduce in water
-internal fertilization does not occur in this group, but rather amplexus-which involves the male and female getting close, then releasing their gametes into the water where fertilization takes place
-use skin (integument) for respiration, so it must be kept moist
-most amphibians rarely active in hottest portions of the day-most preferring nighttime for their highest activity periods
-once fertilized, the tadpole larva swims around like a fish, but in frogs eventually undergoes a metamorphosis to turn into land-dwelling individual

109
Q

Other Important Features of Class Amphibia

A

-notochord replaced by vertebrae
-3-chambered heart
-tetrapods (4 limbs)
-smooth, moist skin
-water for reproduction
-amplexus->tadpole->larva->metamorphosis (thyroid)

110
Q

Order Urodela

A

-class amphibia
-body with head, trunk, and tail
-salamanders

111
Q

Order Anura

A

-class amphibia
-body with fused head and trunk, no tail
-frogs and toads

112
Q

Order Apoda

A

-class amphibia
-worm-like body, no legs or limbs
-caecilians

113
Q

Class Reptilia

A

-truly conquer land
-tough, dry, scaly skin
-internal fertilization
-3-chambered heart in most
-4-chambered heart in some
-lungs well-developed
-limbs well-developed
-shelled egg: amnion, allantois, chorion, yolk sac

114
Q

Amnion

A

fluid filled cavity that cushions against mechanical shock and dehydration

115
Q

Chorion

A

membrane below the shell that is the site of gas exchange between the embryo and air

116
Q

Yolk Sac

A

contains nutrients that are transported to the embryo via blood vessels

117
Q

Allantois

A

stores metabolic waste

118
Q

Order Rhychocephalia

A

-class reptilia
-tuatara
-possess a “third eye” via the pineal gland which is exposed to light directly via a translucent membrane in the skull
-humans also have this gland, but it is not directly exposed to light, but rather receives nerve signals from our eyes. in response this gland produces melatonin which helps maintain cycles involved in sleep

119
Q

Order Crocodilia

A

-class reptilia
-crocodiles and alligators

120
Q

Order Squamata

A

-class reptilia
-snakes and lizards

121
Q

Order Testudines

A

-class reptilia
-turtles and tortoises

122
Q

Evolutionary link between reptiles and mammals

A

therapsids, extinct

123
Q

Evolutionary link between reptiles and birds

A

archosaurs, extinct

124
Q

Class Aves

A

-paleotogical and molecular evidence suggest that birds are merely modified reptiles
-feathers and scales
-skeleton w/ air cavities
-beak w/o teeth
-archaeopterx
-4-chambered heart
-body temperature regulation
-keeled/flat sternum
-uropygial gland
-lungs partitioned for efficient respiration

125
Q

Homeothermy

A

-maintaining a relatively constant body temperature; sometimes called “warm-blooded”

126
Q

Heterothermy

A

body temp basically matches that of the external environment; sometimes called “cold-blooded”

127
Q

Endothermy

A

using internal, physiological mechanisms (ex. sweating, shivering, changes in blood flow to superficial tissues) to maintain homeothermy
-birds, mammals and possibly dinosaurs are/were homeothermic via endothermy

128
Q

Ectothermy

A

using behavioral and environmental conditions to maintain homeothermy
-extant reptiles (such as lizards moving in/out of sun/shade) may actually be homeothermic (to an extent) via ectothermy

129
Q

Keeled Sternum

A

-carinates have keeled (perpendicular plate) sternum used for the attachment/development of large pectoral musculature used in flying birds

130
Q

Flat Sternum

A

ratites have a flat sternum, thus, the pectoral muscles are not as developed
-generally flightless birds

131
Q

Uropygial Gland

A

many birds have these oil glands to coat their feathers, especially important for birds that dive into the water occasionally for food (prevents feathers from getting soaked/heavy)

132
Q

Subclass Archaeonithes

A

-class aves
-fossil birds

133
Q

Subclass Neornithes

A

-class aves
-modern birds

134
Q

Class Mammalia

A

-highly successful group w/ representative in most habitats; includes humans
-hair
-integument with glands
-mammary glands
-sebaceous (oil) glands
-sweat glands
-dentition specialized
-jaw bones->ear ossicles (incus, malleus, stapes)
-homeothermic via endothermy
-4-chambered heart
-reproductive types-egg layers, marsupials, placentals

135
Q

Presence of some of shelled eggs, scales, and cloaca demonstrate close evolutionary relationship of mammals to _______ and ________. These and developmental characteristics are used to classify mammals.

A

birds and reptiles

136
Q

Subclass Prototheria

A

-class mammalia
-monotremes (egg-layers)
-duckbill platypus and spiny anteater (=echidna)

137
Q

Subclass Theria

A

-class mammalia
-metatherians->marsupials, opossum, kangaroos, koalas
-eutherians->placentals, numerous orders

138
Q

Prosmians

A

lemurs

139
Q

Anthropoids

A

monkeys, apes, and humans

140
Q

Hominoids

A

apes vs. humans

141
Q

Fossil Records of the Earliest Humans

A

-ardipithecus ramidus
-australopithicus afarensis (lucy)`

142
Q

Out of Africa

A

based on the discovery of the earliest fossils, human origins can be traced to africa

143
Q

The 3 ear ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) developed from the ________.

A

Hyoid arches

144
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

detect electrical fields as all organisms produce one

145
Q

The liver is primarily a ________ organ.

A

digestive

146
Q

The notochord is replaced in fishes when you reach the ________.

A

Teleosts

147
Q

All amphibians reproduce in water (T/F)

A

False, almost all amphibians reproduce in water.

148
Q

The _______ gland is very important for growth and development.

A

thyroid

149
Q

Salamanders (order urodela) have a _______ tail.

A

visible

150
Q

Salamanders can be paedomorphic because they retain ______ and ______. (either through neoteny or progenesis)

A

larvae and gills

151
Q

Did humans and dinosaurs coexist?

A

No! They missed each other by 62-63 million years.

152
Q

Feathers evolved mainly for _______, not flight.

A

thermoregulation

153
Q

Birds mainly have ______ bones.

A

spongy

154
Q

_________ have one of the highest metabolic rates on the planet.

A

hummingbirds

155
Q

Dentition

A

-teeth
-specialized in mammals to be omnivorous

156
Q

Humans can be homeotherms via ectothermy and endothermy. (T/F)

A

True!

157
Q

_________ are the only mammals with a cloaca.

A

Monotremes

158
Q

__________ ____________ is the oldest fossil from the split between humans and apes.

A

Arthipidecus ramidus

159
Q

Homo habilus

A

-handy man
-first humans to use tools

160
Q

Order Monotremata

A

-class mammalia
-platypuses, echidnas
-lay eggs
-no nipples
-young suck milk from the fur of the mother

161
Q

Order Marsupialia

A

-class mammalia
-kangaroos, opossums, koalas
-completes embryonic development in pouch on mother’s body

162
Q

Order Carnivora

A

-class mammalia
-dogs, wolves, bears, cats, weasels, otters, seals, walruses
-sharp, pointed canine teeth and molars for shearing
-carnivorous

163
Q

Order Cetacea

A

-class mammalia
-whales, dolphins, porpoises
-aquatic
-stream-lined body
-paddle-like forelimbs and no hind limbs
-thick layer of insulating blubber
-carnivorous

164
Q

Order Chiroptera

A

-class mammalia
-bats
-adapted for flight
-broad skinfold that extends from elongated fingers to body and legs
-carnivorous or herbivorous

165
Q

Order Primates

A

-class mammalia
-lemurs, monkeys, chimpanzees,, gorillas, humans
-opposable thumbs
-foward-facing eyes
-well-developed cerebral cortex
-omnivorous

166
Q

Hypothesis “A”

A

This theory suggests that ancestral vertebrates may have evolved from the Subphylum Cephalochordata.

167
Q

Hypothesis “B”

A

This theory suggests that the ancestral vertebrates may have evolved from the larvae of Subphylum Urochordata.

168
Q

Eggs of birds have _____ and ______ shells

A

calcareous and inflexible

169
Q

Non-avian reptiles’ eggs have _______ ________ shells.

A

leather flexible

170
Q

The water vascular system is used for _________, __________, and _________.

A

locomotion, feeding, and respiration

171
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord develops from the _______.

A

ectoderm

172
Q

Urochordates and Cephalochordates are ______-______.

A

filter-feeders

173
Q

What is the most abundant excretory system?

A

malpighian tubules

biodiversity fau brooks (4 decks)

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