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biodiversity fau brooks > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A

-decomposers
-heterotrophs (w/ extracellular digestion)
*saprobes
*symbionts
-chitin-based cell wall

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2
Q

Saprobes

A

nutrients from dead organic matter

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3
Q

Symbionts

A

nutrients from living organic matter

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4
Q

General Morphology of Kingdom Fungi

A

-thallus/mycelium-body of fungal organism
-hyphae-filaments that make up thallus/mycelium
*septate or coenocytic
-haustoria-specialized hyphae that release exoenzymes for extracellular digestion

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5
Q

Septate

A

cell walls partition cells

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6
Q

Coenocytic

A

no cell wall partitions

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7
Q

Reproduction of Fungi

A

1) fertilization (syngamy) occurs with fusion of cytoplasm from 2 different cell types (plasmogamy)
2) however, in many fungi mitotic cell divisions begin before nuclei fuse (karyogamy) creating a transition ploidy “n+n” or dikaryon/heterokaryon b/c 2 haploid nuclei are from different individuals
3) karyogamy occurs which allows meiosis to occur to produce genetically unique spores

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8
Q

Phylum Zygomycota

A

-spores dispersed by air
-hyphae w/ few or no septa (coenocytic)
-rhizopus=black bread mold

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9
Q

Reproduction of Phylum Zygomycota

A

1) mycelia have various mating types (-) or (+)
2) neighboring mycelia of different mating types form hyphal extensions (gametangia), each of which encloses several haploid nuclei
3) plasmogamy occurs, which creates a zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) that contains multiple haploid nuclei from the 2 parents
4) zygosporangium develops a rough, thick-walled coating that can resist harsh conditions for months
5) when conditions are favorable, karyogamy occurs, then meiosis
6) zygosporangium germinates into a sporangium on a short stalk
7) sporangium disperses genetically diverse haploid spores
8) spores germinate and grow into new mycelia
9) mycelia can also reproduce asexually by forming sporangia that produce genetically identical haploid spores (meaning they have undergone mitosis)

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10
Q

Phylum Ascomycota

A

-largest class
-free-living and symbiotic
-spores dispersed by air
-septate hyphae w/ preforations
-ascus/spore sac forms ascocarp
-representatives-peziza, saccharomyces/yeast, claviceps & rye ergot, penicillin (first antibiotic), morels and truffles, cheese, wine, and bread

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11
Q

Reproduction of Phylum Ascomycota

A

1) ascomycete mycelia can reproduce asexually by producing pigmented haploid spores (conidia)
2) neurospora can also reproduce sexually by producing specialized hyphae. conidia of the opposite mating type fuse to these hyphae
3) dikaryotic hyphae that result from plasmogamy produce many dikaryotic asci
4) karyogamy occurs within each ascus, producing diploid nucleus
5) each diploid nucleus divides by meiosis, yielding 4 haploid nuclei
6) each haploid nucleus divides once by mitosis, yielding 8 nuclei. cell walls and plasma membranes develop around the nuclei, forming ascospores (LM)
7) ascospores are discharges forcibly from the asci through an opening in the ascocarp. germinating ascospores give rise to the new mycelia

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12
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota

A

-spores dispersed by air
-septate hyphae
-basidium->basidiocarp
-representatives-mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, bracket fungi, world’s largest organism (fairy rings)

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13
Q

Reproduction of Phylum Basidiomycota

A

1) two haploid mycelia of different mating types under plasmogamy
2) dikaryotic mycelium forms, growing faster than, and ultimately crowding out, the haploid parental mycelia
3) environmental cues such as rain or changes in temp induce the dikaryotic mycelium to form compact masses that develop into basidiocarps
4) basidiocarp gills are lined with terminal dikaryotic cells called basidia
5) karyogamy in each basidium produces a diploid nucleus which then undergoes meiosis
6) each diploid nucleus yields 4 haploid nuclei, each of which develops into a basidiospore
7) when mature, the basidiospores are ejected than disperses by wind
8) in a suitable environment, the basidiospores germinate and grow into short-lived haploid mycelia

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14
Q

Phylum Deuteromycota

A

-imperfect fungi
-sexual reproduction not observed
-asexual condiospores produced
-representatives-molds, ringworm, predatory fungus

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15
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

mutualistic relationship with roots of most plants and fungi. host plants provide food for the fungus while water and mineral uptake by plants are enhanced by fungal hyphae

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16
Q

Lichens

A

mutualistic relationship with fungi and algae/cyanobacteria. algae provide food while fungi provide structural positioning for photosynthesis mostly outside of aquatic environments
-lichens are important pioneer species that establish terrestrial ecosystems
-crustose-crust like
-fruiticose-shrub like
-foliose-leaf like

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17
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

photosynthetic autotrophs and cellulose-based cell wall
-land colonization by plants occurred about 400 mya
-green algae is a likely ancestor (charamycean)

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18
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

-fertilization (syngamy) of 2 different gametes/cell types (plasmogamy)
-immediately (before mitotic cell divisions), creating diploid zygote
-development of diploid plant goes through mitotic cell divisions that create structures that will go through meiosis (spores)
-these spores collectively produce the sporophyte
-haploid spores germinate and develop (via mitosis) into gametophytes which produce identical gametes via mitosis
-sporophyte and gametophyte alternate

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19
Q

Homospory

A

sporophyte produces only one kind of spore that germinates into gametophyte individual that produces both egg and sperm

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20
Q

Heterospory

A

sporophyte produces two kinds of spores
-megaspore-germinates into gametophyte that only produces eggs
-microspore-germinates into gametophyte that only produces sperm

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21
Q

Gametophyte and Sporophyte

A

-isomorphic-gametophyte and sporophyte are indistinguishable, rare
-heteromorphic-gametophyte and sporophyte are distinct

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22
Q

Gamete Evolution

A

developed in many plant-like protists
-isogamy-gametes identical in size and motility
-anisogamy- gametes differ in size but both motile
-oogamy-large immotile gamete = egg; small, motile gamete=sperm

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23
Q

Reproduction of Kingdom Plantae

A

1) the gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis
2) 2 gametes unite (fertilization) and form diploid zygote
3) zygote develops into multicellular diploid sporophyte
4) sporophyte produces unicellular haploid spores by meiosis
5) spores develop into multicellular haploid gametophytes

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24
Q

New Problems Facing Land Plants

A

-obtaining water
-transporting water and nutrients
-water loss
-gas exchange
-gravity
-reproduction
-temperature flux

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25
Q

Land Plant Features

A

-chlorophyll A & B
-starch storage
-gametes protected
-stomata
-wax surfaces
-root system
-conduction tissue
-support tissue

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26
Q

Nonvascular Plants

A

-lack vascular tissues
-gametophyte->sporophyte
-small and live in moist environments
-phylum byrophyta-mosses
-phylum heptatophyta-liverworts
-phylum anthocerophyta-hornworts

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27
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants

A

-possess xylem and phloem
-sporophyte dominant
-evolution of leaf
-microphylls and megaphylls

28
Q

Phylum Lycophyta

A

-seedless vascular plant
-club mosses
-roots
-leaves (microphylls)

29
Q

Phylum Sphenophyta

A

-seedless vascular plant
-horsetails
-roots
-stems have silica
-leaves (microphylls)
-equisetum

30
Q

Phylum Psilophyta

A

-seedless vascular plants
-whisk ferns
-no roots or leaves

31
Q

Phylum Pterophyta

A

-seedless vascular plants
-ferns
-roots
-fronds (megaphylls)

32
Q

Ferns (parts)

A

-sporophyte->sporangia and sori
-gametophyte=prothallus->archegonium and antheridium
-rhizome-kinda like the roots

33
Q

Fern Life Cycle

A

1) sporangia releases spores, most fern species produce a single type of spore that develops into bisexual photosynthetic gametophyte
2) each gametophyte develops sperm-producing organs called antheridia (male part) and egg-producing structures called archegonia (female part). although this diagram shows sperm fertilizing the egg from the same gametophyte, in most ferns gametophytes produce egg and sperm at different times, typically one egg fertilized by sperm from different gametophyte
3) sperm use flagella to swim to the eggs in archegonium, attractant secreted by archegonia help direct sperm
4) zygote develops new sporophyte and young plant grows out from an archegonium of its parents, the gametophyte
5) on the underside of the sporophyte, reproductive leaves are spots called sori, each sorus is a cluster of sporangia

34
Q

The Plant Scene 300 MYA

A

plants expanded at incredible rates, geologic activity subsequently created fossil fuels we use today

35
Q

Mosses and other Nonvascular Plants

A

-gametophyte=dominant
-sporophyte=reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition

36
Q

Ferns and other Seedless Vascular Plants

A

-gametophyte=reduced, independent (photosynthetic & free-living)
-sporophyte=dominant

37
Q

Seed Plants

A

-gametophyte=reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition
-sporophyte=dominant
-gymnosperms and angiosperms

38
Q

Seed plants adapted…

A

terrestrially

39
Q

Gametophytes protected in…

A

moist sporophytic reproductive tissue

40
Q

Swimming was replaced by….

A

pollination for sperm to egg delivery

41
Q

Seed Evolved

A

-dormant embryo with surrounding nutrients protected from environmental condition
-seed replaces spores as dispersal agents using wind, water, or animals

42
Q

The seed is…

A

a fertilized ovule

43
Q

Unfertilized Ovule

A

in a pine ovule (gymnosperms) a fleshy megasporangium is surrounded by a protective layer of tissue called integument. the micropyle, the only opening through the integument, allows entry of pollen grain

44
Q

Integument

A

protective layer of tissue surrounding megasporangium

45
Q

Micropyle

A

opening in the integument

46
Q

Fertilized Ovule

A

megaspore develops into female gametophyte, which produces the egg. the pollen grain has male gametophyte which develops pollen tube that discharges sperm thereby fertilizing the egg

47
Q

Gymnosperm Seed

A

fertilization initiates the transformation of the ovule into the seed, which has sporophyte embryo, food supply, and protective seed coat derived from integument. megasporangium dries out and collapses

48
Q

Seed Ferns

A

-gymnosperms
-naked seed plants
-do not produce flowers
-ovules and seeds exposed

49
Q

Examples of seed ferns

A

-division cycadophyta
-division gnetophyta-sperm non-motile
-division ginkgophyta
-division coniferophyta

50
Q

Division Ginkgophyta

A

Ginkgo biloba

51
Q

Division Coniferophyta

A

-conifers, evergreens
-oldest, tallest, most massive plants
-leaves form needles
-important economically

52
Q

Pine Life Cycle Parts

A

-ovulate cone
-pollen cone
-sporogenesis
-gametogenesis

53
Q

Ovulate Cone

A

-megastrobilus with megasporophylls (scales)
-micropyle
-female

54
Q

Pollen Cone

A

-microstrobilus with microsporophylls
-male

55
Q

Sporogenesis

A

creates spores

56
Q

Gametogenesis

A

creates gametes

57
Q

Pine Life Cycle

A

1) in most conifer species, each tree has both ovulate and pine cones
2) microsporocytes (in the pine cones) divide by meiosis, producing haploid microspores. a microspore develops into a pollen grain (a male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall)
3) ovulate cone scale has 2 ovules, each containing a megasporangium
4) pollination occurs when a pollen grain reaches the ovule. the pollen grain then germinates, forming a pollen tube that slowly digests its way through the megasporangium
5) while pollen tube develops, megasporocyte goes through meiosis and produces 4 haploid cells. one survives as a megaspore
6) megaspore develops into female gametophyte that has 2 or 3 archegonia, each of which form an egg
7) by time eggs are mature, sperms are developed in pollen tube, which extends to female gametophyte. fertilization occurs when sperm and egg unite
8) fertilization occurs more than a year after pollination. all eggs may be fertilized but usually one one zygote develops into an embryo. ovule becomes seed, consisting of embryo, food supply, and seed coat

58
Q

Angiosperms

A

-flowering plants
-produce flowers and fruits-coevolved w/ animals to improve reproductive success
-largest plant group-90% of extant plant species
-seed in containers=cotyledons
*monocotyledon=monocots
*dicotyledon=eudicots

59
Q

Phylum Anthophyta

A

-flowering plants
-flowers=sepals, petals
-stamen=male parts, anther and filament
-pistil=female parts, stigma, style, ovary, ovule

60
Q

Angiosperm Life Cycle (male)

A

microspore (pollen) mother cell->microspores->pollen (male gametophyte)->tube cell and generative cell

61
Q

Angiosperm Life Cycle (female)

A

megaspore mother cell->megaspore-> embryo sac w/ 7 cells w/ 8 nuclei (female gametophyte)
megagametangium undergoes the most cell divisions

62
Q

Flowers ensure pollination by…

A

-insects, birds, mammals
-flowers and pollinators coevolved

63
Q

Seed Dispersal

A

annuals and perennials

64
Q

Annuals

A

-parent plant may die in a year (temperate/cold environments)
-seed dispersal is less important as the current location should be suitable for seeds dropped by parent plant

65
Q

Perennials

A

parent plant lives multiple years. thus, seed dispersal needs are higher as seed don’t have places to grow where plants are located

66
Q

Fruits

A

“ripened ovary”-typically dispersed by animals

67
Q

Angiosperm Life Cycle

A

1) in the megasporangium of each ovule, the megasporocyte divides by meiosis, creating 4 megaspores. one survives and gives rise to the female gametophyte
2) in the anther of the stamen, each microsporangium contains microsporocytes that divide by meiosis, producing microspores
3) microspores develop into the pollen grains. the generative cell of gametophytes divide, forming 2 sperm, the tube cell becomes the pollen tube
4) after pollination, eventually 2 sperm cells are discharged in each ovule
5) double fertilization occurs, one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming the zygote, and one fertilizes the central cell forming the endosperm
6) zygote develops into the embryo that is packaged along with food in the seed
7) seed germinates, embryo develops into mature sporophyte

biodiversity fau brooks (4 decks)

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