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Biodiversity FAU Brooks > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Leaves

A

collection and conservation of solar energy

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2
Q

Stems

A

positioning and support of leaves

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3
Q

Roots

A

anchorage and absorption

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4
Q

Vascular System

A

transport

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5
Q

Leaf Structure

A

-epidermis
-mesophyll
-veins

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6
Q

Epidermis

A

-cuticle (wax surface)
-guard cells w/ stomata

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7
Q

Mesophyll

A

-parenchyma->dicots w/ palisade and spongy parenchyma

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8
Q

Veins

A

vascular bundle (xylem and phloem separated by vascular cambium)

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9
Q

Most stomata are located on _____ side of epidermis?

A

Lower

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10
Q

______ parenchyma is the most important for light-dependent reactions?

A

Palisade

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11
Q

______ plants are autotrophs?

A

Not all

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12
Q

Stem Structure

A

epidermis w/ collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and vascular tissue

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13
Q

Sclerenchyma consists of ______ and ______?

A

fibers and sclerids

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14
Q

Vascular Tissue of Stems

A

-xylem and phloem
-vascular bundles
-procambium=vascular cambium

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15
Q

Eudicots Stem

A

-vascular bundles arranged in a ring to allow for secondary growth
-cortex surrounds vascular bundles which surround pith

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16
Q

Parenchyma is found in _____?

A

leaves and stems

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17
Q

Collenchyma is found in _____?

A

celery, stems and leaves

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18
Q

Sclerids are found in ______?

A

pears, vascular plant tissues

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19
Q

Procambium

A

=vascular cambium
-one direction forms xylem inward and other forms phloem outwards

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20
Q

Monocot Stem

A

vascular bundles scattered throughout stem made up of ground parenchyma

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21
Q

Vascular Tissues are responsible for ______?

A

moving fluids through the plant

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22
Q

Xylem

A

-tubular structure that transports water and dissolved minerals from the root to the entire plant (upwards)
-cells dead at maturity, causing problems, so plants-especially perennials-continually replace cells
-tracheids and vessel elements

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23
Q

Tracheids

A

thinner tube-shaped cells w/ perforated endplates
-first to evolve, but structure is more restrictive of water flow

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24
Q

Vessel Elements

A

large tube-shaped cells w/ no partitions or endplates which allows efficient water flow

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25
Q

Phloem

A

produces 2 cell types-one tubular in shape for transporting sugars and other supports both cells metabolically
-cells alive at maturity as transporting sugars involves active transport

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26
Q

Sieve Tube Members

A

tube-shaped cells and are main transporters of sugar
-because most of their cell structure is associated w/ tube morphology, they cannot maintain metabolic requirements w/out assistance

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27
Q

Companion Cells

A

assist sieve tube metabolically, “nurse” cell b/c they keep other cell types alive, which requires exceptional metabolism (maintain their own metabolism as well)

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28
Q

Root Structure

A

-epidermis w/ root hairs
-cortex
-endodermis w/ casparian strips
-stele

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29
Q

Apoplastic Pathway

A

water from soil passes relatively easily through epidermis of root hairs. water can then again easily meander between cells of cortex

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30
Q

Symplastic Membrane

A

once water reaches the endodermis, the compacted and wax-sealed (casparian strips) cells prevent water from apoplasticly moving into the stele. however, water cna move across the endodermis via osmosis. in this way toxins and other potential contaminants might be filtered out before being transported to the rest of the plant via xylem tissue

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31
Q

Root Nodules and Symbiotic Bacteria

A

microbes can fix nitrogen for the host plant, allowing the latter to grow in soil that would otherwise be challenging

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32
Q

Types of Stems

A

-rhizomes-grows horizontally underground
-runners=stolons-like rhizome but above ground
-tubers-rhizome that stores nutrients
-corm
-bulb-white b/c it lacks chloroplasts

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33
Q

Parthogenesis

A

development of an egg without being fertilized

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34
Q

Propagation

A

replanting fragments of plants to establish a whole new plant

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35
Q

Plant Development

A

seeds must develop quickly to establish leaves for photosynthesis and roots for anchorage and water absorption. environmental cues are used by plants to accomplish this goal

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36
Q

Tropisms

A

growth responses
-phototropism-responses needing light
-gravitropism-responses needing gravity

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37
Q

Upward Growth

A

-epicotyl or coleoptile (grows into leaves)
-phototropism

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38
Q

Downward Growth

A

-radicle or hypocotyl (grows into roots)
-gravitropism (statolus detects gravity in plants)

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39
Q

Meristematic Tissue

A

plant version of germ tissue; responsible for initial establishment and maintenance of plant tissues, organs, and systems

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40
Q

Apical Meristem

A

-at the tip of the plant
-grows up from tip (primary growth)

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41
Q

Lateral Meristem

A

-increases girth (width) of plant
-secondary growth

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42
Q

Nitrogenase

A

enzyme that allows microbes to fix nitrogen w/out giving out oxygen

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43
Q

3 Primary Meristems

A

protoderm->epidermis
ground meristem->parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

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44
Q

Secondary Growth

A

-vascular cambium produces xylem inward and phloem outward
-cork cambium produces cork

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45
Q

Wood is composed of ______.

A

Xylem

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46
Q

Annual Rings

A

thickness of vscular rings and diameter of vessel elements directly relates to optimal growth. thus, in many temperate regions, vascular rings thickness increases during spring and summer but activity in fall and winter may cease altogether. over multiple seasons this can show as annual rings. similar rings might show in tropical regions where distinct dry seasons might also diminish production of xylem tissue
-data like the age of tree and climate conditions-dendrochronology

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47
Q

Heartwood

A

innermost, oldest part of the tree with clogged xylem
-more dense

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48
Q

Sapwood

A

newer xylem closer to vascular cambium
-vessel members and tracheids are typically transporting more water

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49
Q

Bark

A

layers of tissue outside vascular cambium

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50
Q

Bark is made up of ____, _____, ______, and _____.

A

phloem, cork cambium, cork, and lenticels

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51
Q

Lenticels

A

allow for gas exchange

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52
Q

Plants obtain gases, nutrients, and minerals via ______.

A

internal fluids

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53
Q

Gas Exchange

A

stomata, roots, and lenticels

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54
Q

What is responsible for internal transport?

A

xylem and phloem

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55
Q

Fluids move in xylem via _______, _______, _______, and _______.

A

adhesion, cohesion, evaporation, and osmosis

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56
Q

Theories of Upward Movement

A

-capillary action
-root pressure
-transpiration pull (cohesion-adhesion-tension)

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57
Q

Fluids move in the phloem via ______ and ______.

A

-mass flow
-source vs sink

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58
Q

Roots and Soil allow for _____ and _______.

A

Nitrogen uptake and fixation

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59
Q

Which form of fixation is LEAST responsible for nitrogen fixation on Earth?

A

abiotic fixation (includes lightening)

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60
Q

Biotic Fixation

A

Free-living: live in soil
Symbiotic: live inside organism

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61
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

-metazoa
-multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls
-2 major groups: vertebrates (50k-60k species) and invertebrates (95% of all animals, mostly insects)

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62
Q

Multicellularity Advantages

A

-large size
-mobility
-stable internal environment
-relative independence from environment

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63
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

numerous imaginary planes create numerous mirror images
-such animals have noncentralized nervous systems that are also distributed radially

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64
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

only one imaginary planes can create mirror image resulting in two sides (lateral), or bilateral
-associated with centralization of sensory structures producing a head (cephalization)

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65
Q

Cleavage Patterns

A

inital mitotic cell divisions of a zygote typically occur rapidly with little cell growth between divisions. essentially, the zygote is rapidly being “chopped” or cleaved to produce numerous cells for production of future tissue and organs

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66
Q

Radial Cleavage

A

relative positions of the new cells form in a radial configuration

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67
Q

Spiral Cleavage

A

relative position of new cells form in a spiraling configuration

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68
Q

Cell Fate

A

at some stage in development most cells are programmed to differentiate. for example, skin cells will activate genes required for skin while muscle cells will activate genes for muscle
-indeterminate and determinate

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69
Q

Indeterminate Cell Fate

A

animals with relatively late cell fate differentiation; cell masses prior to this point might separate but still produce 2 complete animals (ex. monozygotic twins), ex. humans
-associated with radial cleavage in deuterostomes

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70
Q

Determinate Cell Fate

A

animals with relatively early cell fate differentiation; cell masses at comparable stages can rarely develop into 2 complete animals, ex. arthropods
-associated with spiral cleavage in protostomes

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71
Q

Developmental Stages

A

-morula
-blastula w/ blastocoel
-gastrula w/ blastopore and archenteron (gut)
-germ layers

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72
Q

Morula

A

Zygote undergoes rapid cleavage divisions producing this stage consisting of a solid mass of cells

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73
Q

Blastula w/ Blastocoel

A

the morula will undergo a process in which the solid mass of cells hollows to form this stage. the chamber or cavity is called the blastocoel

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74
Q

Gastrula w/ Blastopore and Archenteron (gut)

A

the blastula will invaginate (a tubular structure grows inwards) producing the primitive gut. the opening of the tube is the blastopore, which depending on the animal with either become the mouht or the anus

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75
Q

Germ Layers

A

animal version of meristematic tissues in plants, responsible for initial establishment and maintenance of animal tissues, organs, and systems (stem cells)
-ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm formed during gastrulation

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76
Q

Coelomates

A

body cavity lined entirely by mesoderm

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77
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

body cavity lined only partially by mesoderm
-a REAL body cavity

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78
Q

Acoelomates

A

no body cavity

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79
Q

Schizocoely

A

type of coelem formation in which masses of mesoderm form in the blastocoel near the blastopore. internal splits of these masses creates cavities entirely lined by mesoderm

80
Q

Enterocoely

A

type of coelem formation in which portions of the archenteron, which are endodermally derived, form outpockets that eventually separate from the gut to form mesoderm with cavities lines entirely by mesoderm

81
Q

Coelom Structure and Function

A

coelom forms a protective, fluid-filled chamber for internal organs, also allows for these organs to move and grow at independent rates from the outer body tissues. in humans, and similar vertebrates, the cavity is partitioned into 3 ares with the coelomic membranes given distinct names:
-abdominal with peritoneum
-thoracic with pleura
-cardiac with pericardium
in each of these sub-chambers, the membranes are labeled visceral if the membrane is directly lining an organ or parietal if the membrane is lining the chamber wall. mesenteries are where the 2 lining types combine

82
Q

Membranes of a coelem are labeled visceral if _________?

A

the membrane is directly lining an organ

83
Q

Membranes of a coelem are labeled parietal if ______?

A

the membrane is lining the chamber wall

84
Q

Protostomes

A

-cleavage-spiral and determinate
-coelom formation-coelom forms from splits in the mesoderm (schizocoely)
-fate of the blastopore-mouth forms from blastopore

85
Q

Deuterostomes

A

-cleavage-radial and indeterminate
-coelom formation-coelom forms from mesodermal outpocketing of the archenteron (enterocoely)
-fate of the blastopore-mouth forms from secondary opening, anus forms first

86
Q

Branch Parazoa

A

side branch to main animal evolution

87
Q

Branch Eumetazoa

A

main branch of animal evolution`

88
Q

Parazoans have _____.

A

poorly defined tissues
-include phylum placozoa and porifera

89
Q

Phylum Placozoa

A

-the most primitive metazoan
-simplest organism

90
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

-sponges
-sessile
-filter water through canal system
-mostly marine
-lack true tissues

91
Q

General Morphology of Phylum Porifera

A

-3 body plans-asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid
-body layers-outer includes porocytes and myocytes, middle includes spicules, spongins, amoebocytes, collencytes, inner includes choanocytes

92
Q

Asconoid

A

small and tube-shaped, water enters via tinyostia into dermis and goes to opening called spongocoel lined w/ choanacytesm water exits via osculum
-present in class calcarea

93
Q

Syconoid

A

resemble large version of asconoid, posses tubular body w/ single prominent osculum
-found in class calcarea and hexactinellida

94
Q

Leuconoid

A

most common and complex, generally from large masses, each member has its own osculum

95
Q

Porocytes

A

cells produce pores

96
Q

Myocytes

A

muscle cells

97
Q

Spicules

A

-form skeletal structure
-fibrous collagen and calcareous or siliceous

98
Q

Spongin

A

collagenous protein in many species

99
Q

Amoebocytes

A

-transport nutrients
-produce material for skeletal fibers (spicules)
-become any type of sponge cell

100
Q

Collencytes

A

support and believed to be neurons

101
Q

Choanocytes

A

flagellated cells that line spongocoel, create current that draws water though the pores and out through the osculum

102
Q

Reproduction of Phylum Porifera

A

-asexual: regeneration, budding, gemmules (spicules protected by amoebocytes)
-sexual: diecious and monoecious species

103
Q

Diecious

A

species with two types of individuals representing males and females

104
Q

Monoecious

A

species with only one type of individual simultaneously representing both males and females
-ex. hermaphrodites

105
Q

Class Calcarea

A

-have asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid bodies present
-spicules=calcium carbonates
-rays vary

106
Q

Class Hexactinellida

A

-glass sponges
-syconoid or leuconoid
-six-rayed siliceous spicules

107
Q

Class Demospongiae

A

-most species
-silicious spicules
-leuconoid

108
Q

Class Sclerospongiae

A

coralline sponges

109
Q

Most insects and humans are ______?

A

segmented

110
Q

Insects are _____?

A

protostomes, schizocoelomates

111
Q

Humans are ______?

A

deuterostomes, enterocoelomates

112
Q

Coelem only applies to ______ animals?

A

triploblastic (3 germ layers)

113
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

-branch eumetozoa
-grade radiata
-mouth w/ tenctacles
-no anus, but has gut (incomplete digestive tract)
-cnidae
-diploblastic w/ organs
-polyp vs. medusa

114
Q

Life Cycle of Phylum Cnidaria: Metagenesis

A

this might resemble alternation of generations in plants, however it does not involve two types of individuals with different ploidy. instead, cnidarians typically (but not always) alternate between diploid polyp and diploid medusa. because medusae are more motile, they usually produce gametes via meiosis. the polyp is more sedentary or sessile, by typically reproduce asexually through mitosis

115
Q

Cnidae

A

intracellular structure with everting thread or substance inside a capsule
-nematocyst, spirocyst, ptychocyst

116
Q

Nematocyst

A

thread with toxin everted

117
Q

Spirocyst

A

elongate thread for adhesion

118
Q

Ptychocyst

A

substance used to construct tube for borrowing sea anemones

119
Q

Cnidarian “Nerve Net”

A

cnidarians have one of the earliest known nervou systems in the form of network of neurons with ganglia. however, cephalization does not occur

120
Q

Class Hydrozoa

A

-phylum cnidaria
-medosoid or POLYPLOID
-“hydromedusae” small
-polymorphism-gastrozooid, gonozooid (gonagium), dactylozooid, skeletozooid
-acellular mesoglea
-cnidae in epidermis
-include hydra and obelia
-hermit crab hydroid-dactylozooid lashing
-physalia-“portuguese man of war”-a floating polymorphic colony
-fire corals

121
Q

Gastrozooid

A

have mouth and digestive organs, function is to capture and consume food with tentacles

122
Q

Gonozooid

A

give rise to medusoids w/ gametes
-sexual reproduction

123
Q

Dactylozooid

A

capture prey, responsible for defense

124
Q

Skeletozooid

A

responsible for spiny projection

125
Q

Acellular Mesoglea

A

contain muscle bundles and nerve fibers, skeleton and support
-between epidermis and gastrodermis

126
Q

Not all cnidarians undergo meiosis/metagenesis b/c they only exist in ______ form (anthezoans).

A

polyp

127
Q

Polyp

A

more important for establishing a place to grow, sessile

128
Q

Medusa

A

more motile

129
Q

Spirocysts and ptychocysts are only found in class ______.

A

anthozoa

130
Q

Hydrozoans are diploblastic, but have 3 tissue layers-endodermis, ectoderm, and ________.

A

Mesoglea

131
Q

Hydra are only polyps and live symbiotically with ________?

A

Dinoflagellates

132
Q

Class Scyphozoa

A

-MEDUSOID or polyploid
-scyphomedusae is large
-cellular mesoglea
-cnidae in epidermis and gastrodermis
-only nematocyst cnidaria
-common jellyfish
-cubomedusa (sea wasp)

133
Q

Life Cycle of Class Scyphozoa

A

-scyphistoma (polyp)
-strobilation
-ephyra (young medusa)
-planula (larva, almost every cnidarian has one)

134
Q

Class Anthozoa

A

-polyploid ONLY
-cellular mesoglea
-cnidae in epidermis and gastrodermis
-septa (mesenteries) in gut
-all 3 types of cnidae (nematocyst, spirocysts, and ptychocysts)
-reproduction-sexually and asexually via budding
-diversity: sea anemones and corals (hermatypic and ahermatypic), coral reefs

135
Q

Hermatypic Corals w/ Zooxanthellae

A

live symbiotically with corals, sea anemones, giant clams, etc. provide food for host via photosynthesis while host provides suitable environment in shallow-water locations for adequate sunlight. elevated seawater temperatures can trigger loss of zooxanthellae (coral bleaching)
-scleractinians or hexacorallia

136
Q

Ahermatypic Corals

A

-octocorals or gorginians
-sea pen
-sea fan
-sea whip

137
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A

-branch eumetazoa
-grade radiata
-medusa like w/out nematocysts (usually)
-8 comb rows w/ 2 tentacles (usually)
-colloblasts (prey capture and defense, function like spirocysts for adhesion)
-2 classes: tentaculata and nuda
-comb jellies

138
Q

Can sea anemones somersault?

A

YES, they can also crawl and swim

139
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

-branch eumetazoa
-grade bilateria
-acoelomates
-flatworms
-dorso-ventrally flattened
-cephalized
-triploblastic
-incomplete digestive tract
-protonephridia (flame cells)-first kidney system
-ganglia-dense cluster of nerve cells, ventral nerve cords run from here through the rest of the body
-pharynx-sucks in food and digestion also occurs through the tip
-movement-adhesive glands, releaser glands, taxis (light and current)

140
Q

Reproduction of Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

-sexual (mostly hermaphroditic-monoecious) through hyperdermic impregnation
-asexual-fission and regeneration

141
Q

Taxis-light

A

move away from light, platyhelminthes more functional at night

142
Q

Class Turbellaria

A

-phylum platyhelminthes
-free-living
-small
-mostly marine
-rhadbites-function in a similar way to nematocysts

143
Q

Class Trematoda

A

-phylum platyhelminthes
-parasitic flukes
-syncytium-protective covering
-suckers
-complex life cycle w/ alternating hosts
-primary vs. intermediate hosts-inject parasities into fish (primary/definitive host)

144
Q

Class Cestoda

A

-phylum platyhelminthes
-parasitic tapeworms
-lack digestive tract
-scolex and proglottids-attachment structures
-pork/beef tapeworms

145
Q

Adhesive Organ

A

parasties classifies as ectoparasite (outside the body) or endoparasite (inside the body or cells) in either case, they must possess structures that allow them to adhere to their hosts

146
Q

Sense Organs Reduced

A

once the adult locates it primary (definitive) host, espcecially endoparasites, there is a less need for a sophisticated, cephalized nervous system, so reduction on system morphology is less common

147
Q

Digestive Tract Reduced/Lost

A

endoparasites that live in digestive tract may have reduced or no digestive tract of their own, as they are living in an environment of partially digested foods

148
Q

Body Wall Protection

A

endoparasites that eith live in digestive tract or blood must proudce cell membranes that prevent destruction by the chemicals and cells of the GI tract an immune systems

149
Q

Fecundity Increased

A

many parasites must rely on high reproductive output to ensure successful completion of complex life histories
-humans have low fecundity

150
Q

Larval Stages to Facilitate Passage from One Host to Another

A

morphologically, distinct larval forms are produced by many parasites to ensure that intermediate hosts (or vectors) are infected to complete the parasite’s life history

151
Q

Phylum Nemertea

A

-grade bilateria
-acoelomate
-ribbon worms
-proboscis (feeding structure)
-cephalized
-complete digestive tract
-closed circulatory system
-undergo sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction through fragmentation

152
Q

Feeding Structures of Phylum Nemertea

A

-proboscis w/ stylet
-rhynchodeum-proboscis pore
-rhynchocoel-houses proboscis, cavity (not a true body cavity)

153
Q

Aschelminthes

A

-pseudocoelomates
-worm-like parasites (mostly)
-eutely
-undergo parthogenesis
-sac, bag-like worms
-rotifers

154
Q

Eutely

A

adults have the same number of cells

155
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

-pseudocoelomate
-round worms
-abundant, free-living & parasitic forms
-unsegmented
-longitudinal muscles and longitudinal whipping
-nematode parasitism-affects most organismal groups
-cloaca

156
Q

Eucoelomates

A

-prostomia and deuterostomia
-lophophorate animals
-coelom formation varies
-blastopore fate varies
-ribosomes-protostome like
-phylum bryozoa (ectoprocta), phylum brachiopoda, and phylum phoronida

157
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

-protostomes
-abundant, aquatic, and terrestrial forms
-H.A.M.-hypothetical ancestral mollusk
-possess coelom
-body plan has soft parts (mantle, head/foot, visceral mass) and hard parts (shell)
-excretory system-kidney=metanephridia=coelomoduct=gonoduct
-circulatory system-most have open circulatory system
-shell-periostractum (outermost layer), prismatic layer (middle layer), nacreous layer (innermost)
-reproduction-trochophore larva and veliger larva

158
Q

Cloaca

A

-nematodes
-common opening for 2 or more systems, 1 of which is always digestive

159
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

blood travels in vessel temporarily when it bathes tissues directly. this direct interface of blood w/ tissues is called the hemocoel. open system are generally less efficient than closed systems, unless the respiratory system can compensate (ex. insects)

160
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

blood travels in vessels almost exclusively. typically (but not always) associated w/ those animals w/ extensive metabolic demands

161
Q

Trochophore Larva

A

free-swimming larva w/ cilia

162
Q

Veliger Larva

A

produce veliger used for feeding, swimming, and gas exchange

163
Q

Class Monoplacophora

A

-phylum mollusca
-neopilina
-multiple gills, muscles, nephridia, and gonads (show morphological connections to annelids, which are also segmented)

164
Q

Class Polyplacophora

A

-phylum mollusca
-chitons
-articulated shell

165
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

-phylum mollusca
-shell types-planospiral and helicospiral and operculum and shell aperture
-shell-less form: nudibranch
-torsion and visceral mass
-snails and sea slugs

166
Q

Nudibranch

A

these animals forgo the shell, but instead use the nematocysts from consumed cnidarians for their own defense

167
Q

Torsion and Visceral Mass

A

during early development, gastropods twist their body and shell 180 degrees (torsion) presumably to adjust their center of gravity b/c of the shell’s mass, among other factors. unfortunately, it creates a fueling problem as the animal’s waste materials are now released closer to the head. nudibranchs typically undergo detorsion by twisting their body back (either partially or completely) towards its original position. this supports the hypothesis that torsion adjusts the weight distribution of shelled gastropods

168
Q

Class Bivalvia

A

-phylum mollusca
-shell: umbo (the valves held together, highest point of each valve), hinge ligament, adductor muscles (enable closed valves
*protractor-pulls foot forward
*retracotr-pulls foot backward
-mantle cavity-contains guts and organs and siphon (incurrent and excurrent)
-complete digestive tract
-oysters and pearls, scallops, giant clam, shipworm, freshwater clam

169
Q

Incurrent Siphon

A

intake of water and food

170
Q

Excurrent Siphon

A

outflow of waste product

171
Q

Oyster and Pearl Formation

A

oysters (and some other bivalves) will surround and cover foreign materials (such as parasites) w/ shell material. specifically, the mantle will prouce abnormal nacreous shell to surround an object w/ calcium carbonate. pearl farms intentionally place an object under the nacreous layer for the bivalve to surround it with the intention of producing the pearl gemstone

172
Q

Giant Clam

A

these clams do not feed, but rather have zooxanthellae packed into the edge of their mantle tissue

173
Q

Shipworm

A

these wormlike clams, using chemical secretions, feed on wood, piers/pilings, wooden ships, etc are susceptible to these animals, naturally, they consume driftwood and other woody structures in the ocean

174
Q

Freshwater Clam

A

glochidia leaves

175
Q

Class Scaphopoda

A

-tusk shells
-burrowing

176
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A

-squids and octopus
-shell absent, reduced, or spiraled
-tentacles/arms w/ suckers
-siphon
-intelligent
-eyes well-developed
-closed circulation
-beak w/ venom-blue-ring octopus very deadly
-ink gland
-chromatophores
-cuttlefish, chambered nautilus, siphuncle

177
Q

Ink Gland

A

cephalopods eject cloud of ink, which confuses or distracts predators, increasing their chance at survival

178
Q

Chromatophores

A

special pigment-containign structures in cells, which can produce rapid changes in colors/patterns of many cephalopods

179
Q

Cuttlefish

A

squid-like animal that has an internal shell commonly called cuttlebone-not actually a bone

180
Q

Chambered Nautilus

A

squid-like animal that lives in a planospiral shell, which is partitioned internally into gas-filled chambers used for buoyancy.
-found in deep, dark, cold oceanic waters

181
Q

Siphuncle

A

thin tube of tissue that travels into each chamber of nautilus shell; responsible for producing gases used in maintaining neutral buoyancy

182
Q

The periostractum (outermost) layer of a shell is made up of _____?

A

protein

183
Q

The prismatic (middle) and nacreous (inner) layer of a shell is made up of _______?

A

calcium carbonate

184
Q

True or False: Most mollusks have a shell?

A

True

185
Q

A closed circulatory system is associated with _______?

A

High metabolic output

186
Q

An open circulatory system generally does not have ______?

A

veins

187
Q

Neopilina (class monoplacophora) are _______?

A

segmented, showing close relationship to annelids, which are also segmented

188
Q

In class polyplacophora, is the animal segmented?

A

No, but the shell is.

189
Q

Which is more rare, a planospiral shell or helicospiral shell?

A

Planospiral

190
Q

Operculum

A

chitinous shield or covering

191
Q

Sea slugs eat ____ and also steal the genes of it to make its own ______?

A

green algae; chlorophyll

192
Q

The hinge ligament forces the shell to _____?

A

Open

193
Q

The adductor muscles _____ the shell?

A

close

194
Q

Protractor muscles use what to allow them to pull the foot back in?

A

Hemocoel

195
Q

Retractor pulls the foot back quickly, along with pulling the ____ back?

A

animal

196
Q

The cuttlebone is made up of _______?

A

calcium carbonate

Biodiversity FAU Brooks (4 decks)

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