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Anatomy and Physiology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System Main functions

A

1- sensory input
2-integration
3- motor output

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2
Q

CNS consists of

A

brain(cranial nerves send info) and spinal cord(spinal nerves send info)

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3
Q

PNS consists of

A

nerves and ganglia

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4
Q

sensory/afferent division sends signals

A

toward CNS

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5
Q

motor/efferent division sends signals

A

away from CNS

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6
Q

somatic nervous system contains voluntary control of

A

skeletal muscle

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7
Q

autonomic nervous system contains

A

-involuntary control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
-sympathetic (fight/flight) and parasympathetic (rest/digest)

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8
Q

supporting cells

A

glial cells/ neuroglia

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9
Q

astrocytes

A

chemical house keeping (in charge of what chemicals get in and out of capillaries)

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10
Q

microglial

A

defense cells

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11
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinated CNS neuron axons

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12
Q

schwann cells

A

myelinated PNS neuron axons

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13
Q

ependymal cells

A

line brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

satellite cells

A

around neuron cell bodies in PNS

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15
Q

neurons

A

specialized cells that conducts messages in the form of electrical impulses

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16
Q

neuron trains

A

-amotoic
-extreme longevity
-high metabolic rate (require lots of O2)

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17
Q

dendrites

A

receiving branches of neuron, usually from another neuron to get excited or relax

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18
Q

soma/cell body

A

to recieve signals from dendrites and other cells, makes proteins and other large molecules (biosynthetic center)

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19
Q

axon/long fiber

A

send AP, some myelinated, some aren’t

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20
Q

axon terminal

A

knobs that secrete transmitter when AP arrives

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21
Q

functional classes of neurons

A

-sensory
-interneurons(CNS)
-motor(efferants)

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22
Q

structural classes of neurons

A

-multipolar neurons: lots of dendrites
-bipolar neurons: 1 axon and 1 dendrite
-unipolar neurons: 1 axon, no dendrites off soma

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23
Q

voltage

A

separation of charge= potential E
measured in mV
current (speed of flow, I)= Voltage (potential difference, V) / Resistance (how hard to get through, R)

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24
Q

describe leakage channels

A

always open, key for determining rest potential, located all over neuron (K+ leakage channels are most common)

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25
Q

gated channels

A

can be open/closed at any given time

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26
Q

chemically gated channels

A

opened by neurotransmitter

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27
Q

voltage gated channels

A

opened at preferred membrane potential

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28
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

opened by physical deformation (physical stretch/push on cell)

29
Q

electrochemical gradients are dependent on

A

concentration gradient and electrical gradient (generally oppose each other, strongest one “wins”)

30
Q

describe a resting membrane potential

A

-70mV inside cell
-K+ leakage down gradient established by Na/K pump
-negatively charged proteins also contribute
-polarized

31
Q

what is the resting membrane gradient dependent on

A

differences in ionic composition of intra/extra cellular fluid and differences in plasma membrane permeability to those ions

32
Q

change in membrane potential from rest can be either

A

depolarization or hyperpolarization

33
Q

depolarization

A

-more positive, cells charge moves toward 0
-cations enter, anions exit

34
Q

hyperpolarization

A

-more negative
-anions enter, cations exit

35
Q

change in membrane potential results from

A

anything that alters concentrations on both sides of membrane or anything that changes permeability

36
Q

change in membrane potentials can produce two types of signals

A

graded potentials or action potentials

37
Q

describe graded potentials

A

changes in membrane voltage that vary with strength of stimulus as depolarizations or hyperpolarizations, local (fade with distance)
Ex: EPSP or IPSP

38
Q

Describe action potentials

A

-long distance signals on axons of neurons, all or nothing reaction, no voltage gated channel=no AP

39
Q

List and explain the steps of an Action Potential

A

1) rest: voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels closed
2) depolarization: currents depolarize axon membrane opening Na+ channels which depolarizes cell. When cell reaches threshold, AP “goes”
3) repolarization: Na+ inactivation gate closes, K+ gate opens
4) Hyperpolarization: Na+ gates close and reset, K+ gate still open, causing hyperpolarization

40
Q

define refractory period

A

time when neuron is less responsive

41
Q

absolute refractory period

A

impossible for AP to fire, whenever Na+ gates are open.
Keeps AP as an “all or none” event and enforces 1 way transmission

42
Q

relative refractory period

A

Possible for AP with strong stimulus, Na+ gates closed and K+ gates open

43
Q

how is stimulus intensity measured

A

by how fast it makes neuron reach threshold- frequency of AP

44
Q

how does myelination affect conduction

A

way faster, AP occurs fully only at nodes

45
Q

saltatory

A

to jump, AP jumps from myelin sheath to myelin sheath (node to node)

46
Q

how does axon diameter affect conduction

A

fatter axon= faster conduction due to less resistance

47
Q

synapse

A

junction between 2 neurons

48
Q

what is involved in a synapse

A

presynaptic neuron: releases neurotransmitter
postsynaptic neuron: receives neurotransmitter

49
Q

electrical synapses

A

gap junctions couple together neighboring neurons for rapid communication and allow ions/small molecules to flow between

50
Q

define and explain a chemical synapse, it’s parts, and their functions

A

1) presynaptic terminal (axon terminal): AP arrives, Ca2+ enters via V-gated channels, exocytosis of neurotransmitter
2) Synaptic cleft: neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft
3) postsynaptic terminal (dendrites/soma): catches neurotransmitter, has graded post-synaptic potential

51
Q

Nerve impulses essentially are what?

A

electrical signal-> chemical signal-> electrical signal
are unidirectional

52
Q

What are the 3 different ways a neurotransmitter can be cleared?

A

1- enzyme destroys it (AchE)
2- diffuse
3- reuptake of transmitter by presynaptic terminal

53
Q

where do neurotransmitters trigger graded potentials?

A

In dendrites and somas of postsynaptic cells

54
Q

describe EPSP’s

A

-inhibitory
-depolarizations: Na+ and K+ gates open but Na+ is more permeable, causing net depolarization
-caused by cation entry
-cell more likely to fire AP, it’s main function is to move current down axon

55
Q

describe IPSP’s

A

-inhibitory
-hyperpolarizations: makes membrane more permeable to K+ or Cl- causing net hyperpolarization
-caused by cation exit or anion entry
-cell less likely to fire AP

56
Q

What are the different results of postsynaptic potentials

A

1) neuron firing: EPSP’s dominate
2) neuron facilitated: EPSP’s>IPSP’s, but not enough to get to threshold
3) Hyperpolarization: IPSP’s dominate

57
Q

temporal summation

A

successive inputs from same presynaptic cell close together in time

58
Q

spatial summation

A

simultaneous inputs coming from multiple presynaptic cells (signaling to fire or not fire)

59
Q

What are the classes of neurotransmitters?

A

1) Ach
2) Amino acids
3) biogenic amine
4) neuropeptide
5) lipids
6) purine

60
Q

describe the neurotransmitter Ach

A

motor neurons use it, vagus nerve releases it, memory circuits in cerebrum are lost with Alzheimer’s and cells that make Ach die off

61
Q

describe the neurotransmitter amino acids

A

glutamate: brain’s most common excitatory transmitter
GABA: brain’s most common inhibitory transmitter (Valium (anxiety drug) facilitates it’s effect)

62
Q

describe the neurotransmitter biogenic amine

A

norepinephrine: from cells in brain stem w lots of long axons, for alertness
dopamine: from basal nuclei for motor control and pleasure/addiction

63
Q

describe neuropeptide as a neurotransmitter

A

endorphins: pain relief (ex: beta endorphins and opioids)

64
Q

describe lipids as a neurotransmitter

A

endocannabinoids: affects appetite

65
Q

describe purines as a neurotransmitter

A

adenosine: inhibitory, caffeine blocks it

66
Q

list and describe the two main neurotransmitter receptors

A

1) ionotropic: direct, channel-linked, protein catches transmitter and acts as a chemically gated channel
2) metabotropic: indirect, not an ion channel, domino effect, protein receptor works through G-protein and second messengers to influence channels and cause EPSP’s/IPSP’s

67
Q

list and describe the types of circuits

A

1) diverging: 1 input/presynaptic cell, many outputs/postsynaptic cells
2) converging circuits: many inputs, one output

68
Q

list and describe the different types of neural processing

A

1) serial: in order, input travels along one pathway, one neuron stimulates the next
2) parallel processing: groups of connected neurons that activate in patterns, simultaneous

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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