Unit 3 Flashcards
What are joints
articulations, sites where bones meet
what are the functional classes of joints?
synarthroses: immovable (ex: skull sutures)
amphiarthrosis: partially movable (ex: pubic symphysis)
diarthroses: freely movable (ex: elbow)
strutural classes of joints
fibrous joints: collagenous
cartilaginous joints: bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity, not highly movable
synovial joints: only structural classification of joints with a joint cavity
describe the different types of fibrous joints
sutures: short collagen fibers connect the two bones, calcify w age
syndesmoses: long fibers (ex: between tibia/fibula and ulna/radius)
gomphoses: periodontal ligaments anchor tooth to joint
describe the different types of cartilaginous joints
synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage, generally immovable (ex: rib 1 to manubrium and epiphyseal plate)
symphysis: fibrocartilage (ex: pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc)
describe the different parts of synovial joints
1) Articular Capsule
-fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue on external
-synovial membrane: secretes joint fluid, loose CT
2) Articular Cartilage: hyaline cartilage on ends of long bones for protection
-ligaments, tendons, bursae
3) Joint cavity: small fluid filled potential spaces
4) Synovial fluid: viscous lubricant
5) Reinforcing ligaments
6) nerves and blood vessels
7) Other important features: fatty pads, articular discs, menisci, burase, and tendon sheaths
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what are the types of synovial joints?
hinge: ulna to humerus, uniaxial
pivot: proximal radial-ulna joint, uniaxial
condylar: metacarpophalangeal, biaxial
ball and socket: shoulder, multiaxial
joint origin
immovable part of joint
joint insertion
movable part of joint
flexion
decreases joint angle
extension
increases joint angle
hypertension
movement beyond anatomical position
circumduction
making a cone with a limb
abduction
away from midline
adduction
toward midline
rotation
turning bone around long axis, medial and lateral, ex: first 2 cervical vertabrae, hip, and shoulder
gliding movements
short bone gliding past each other, ankles and wrist
opposition of thumbs
to tips of other fingers
pronation
radius crosses ulna, palm down
supination
forearm bones become parallel
dorsiflexion
lift foot up at ankle
plantar flexion
point foot down
elevation
lifting up superiorly, shrugging shoulders and scapula
depression
lowering body part
inversion
sole of foot pointed medially
eversion
bottom of foot pointed laterally
retraction
pull back, ex: mandible/scapula
protraction
jut forward
Describe the shoulder joint
Diarthrotic(large ROM), synovial, ball in socket
what is the shoulder stabilized by
-glenoid labrum:fibrocartilage
-capsular ligaments: coracohumeral ligament, coracoacromial ligament, and acromial humeral ligament
-biceps brachii tendon and rotator cuff tendons: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor
describe the hip joint
diarthrotic, synovial, ball in socket, femoral head goes into acetabulum of coxal bone
what is the hip stabilized by
acetabular labrum: fibrocartilage
ligaments: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ligamentum teres
describe the knee joint
diarthrotic, synovial, hinge
What is within the knee joint
femoral condyles join with tibial condyles, menisci(pads of fibrocart on top of tibia), patellar facets(join w femur’s patellar surface), ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL, and patellar ligament
describe skeletal muscle
striate, multiple nuclei per cell, voluntary
describe cardiac muscle
striate, one nucleus per cell, involunatry
describe smooth muscle
not striate, one nucleus per cell, involuntary
what are the functional characteristics of muscle tissue?
-excitability (voltage gated channels causing an AP)
-contractility (myosin pulling actin, can generate force and shorten muscle)
-extensibility(can be stretched without ripping)
-elasticity(springs back to preferred rest length after stretching)
Muscle functions
-move body segments and material through hollow organs
-posture
-generate heat
-stabilize joints
endomysium
wrapping for one cell/fiber
perimysium
around on fascile