Unit 4 12/5/22 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is weed control important?

A
  • Livestock producer
  • Home
  • Medical
  • Recreational
  • Aesthetic
  • Hort/turf/agronomic
  • Preserving native species
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2
Q

Generally ______________ produce the most amount of seed in one year

A

Annuals

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3
Q

How do we
influence
weeds?

A
  • Annual weeds are adapted to growing in any
    soil with characteristics favorable for crop
    growth (most data indicates)
  • However, there are economically important
    weeds that are perennial
  • Dandelion, Canada thistle, curly dock,
    common milkweed, etc.
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4
Q

one plant can produce how many seeds

A

60-80 thousand

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5
Q

What are the tree main weed groups?

A

Annuals
Biannual
Perennials

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6
Q

What is the annual weed group?

A
  • Annuals (summer and winter) – Should be managed before they can produce seed
    for the following year
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7
Q

Biennials

A
  • Biennials – Reproduce by both vegetatively or by seed (seed not produced until the
    second year)
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8
Q

Perennials

A
  • Perennials – Survive for many years and produce seed. However, many primarily
    produce vegetatively by creeping stems (rhizomes and stolons). Hardest to control
    once established.
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9
Q

How are weeds dispersed?

A
  • Wind
  • Water
  • Animals
  • Humans
  • Equipment
  • Plant mechanisms (barbs, hooks,
    spines, awns, sticky secretion,
    cottony lint)
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10
Q

What is an example of a weed dispersed by animals?

A

Buckthorn, birds eat seeds and poop

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11
Q

What makes weeds so
successful?

A
  • Abundant seed production
  • Rapid population establishment
  • Seed dormancy
  • Long-time survival of buried seed
  • Adaption for seed dispersal
  • Vegetative reproductive structures
  • *Ability to thrive in disturbed soils
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12
Q

What do weeds compete

A

light
water,
nutrients
space

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13
Q

Would you expect more dormancy for weeds or crops

A

Weeds

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14
Q

What are the two vegetative structures

A

Stolons and rhizomes

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15
Q

What is GDD

A

Growing Degree Day

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16
Q

Why is understanding Weed Emergence Sequence important?

A

*improve weed management by determining when to scout fields

  • GDD = are heat units required to reach 10%
    emergence
  • For some species, the majority of emergence
    occurs in a short time period (2-3 weeks). Other
    plant species may emergence over a prolonged
    period (8-10 weeks)
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17
Q

Emergence date of group 0

A
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18
Q

Emergence date of group 1

A
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19
Q

Emergence date of group 2

A
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20
Q

Emergence date of group 3

21
Q

Emergence date of group 4

22
Q

Do weeds grow more when they are younger or older

A

Weeds will grow more as they get older

23
Q

How long can weed seeds survive?

A

5-10 years in soil

Weeds in your field (seed bank) can go up to 142 years

24
Q

Seed bank viability

A
  • 142-year-old experiment at Michigan State University
  • Moth Mullein
25
How many weeds in the United States are Native?
40 percent of the weeds found in the United States are native 60 percent are considered exotic or imported.
26
Cost of Invasive Plants in USA
Invasive species cost the United States an estimated $34.7 billion each year in control efforts and agricultural losses.
27
Is their any utility for these weeds? Can we produce another type of crop?
Agriculture has not found another major food crop since the soybean was rediscovered in the western world in the 20th century.
28
What foods provide about 60% of the human diet?
Wheat, rice, and corn
29
What is the difference between summer and winter annual weeds
30
What is the advantage for a weed to be a winter annual
31
What was the latest major food crop added in agriculture
soybean
32
What does soil do for plants?
Anchorage: root systems Oxygen: the spaces among soil particles contain air that provides oxygen Water: the spaces among soil particles also contain water Temperature modification: soil insulates roots from drastic fluctuations in temperature Nutrients: soil supplies nutrients and hold the nutrients that we add in the form of fertilizer
33
Soil
* Primary source of nutrients and physical support for plants * Comprised of minerals (inorganic compounds) and organic compounds * Soils vary in their texture: a ratio of sand, silt and clay
34
What is organic?
plant material
35
Water-holding capacity
soil’s ability to hold water is called its water-holding capacity
36
Cation exchange capacity (CEC
expression of the soils ability to hold and exchange cations
37
pH
is a description of the soil’s acid/alkaline reaction * Soils generally range from pH 4.0 to pH 8.0
38
pH
* Northeastern forest soils can be very acid (pH 3.5) * Western soils can be very alkaline (pH 9) * Products can be added to soil to adjust pH * Example applying lime can increase soil pH for crop production
39
Soil texture is defined as?
the percentage of sand, silt, and clay particles in a soil.
40
Each plant has an optimal Ph range
41
What are essential nutrience
needed to complete life cycle macro and micro nut macro
42
essentrial nutrience
Macro - Nitrogen Micro - iron
43
what can a plant look like if it has a deficienty
* Stunting * Chlorosis * Necrosis * Purpling
44
Fertilizers
Most soils have at least some residual nutrients (only a soil test can assess this) * Fertilizing without the results of a soil test leads to a waste of money and product * Sometimes nutrients are present but unavailable to plants because of too high or too low pH
45
Fertilizers can be banded
* Vegetable gardens can be fertilized by banding or placing fertilizer alongside the crop row
46
Compost
* Compost is cheaper than traditional ingredients, holds water well, provides nutrients, and can be produced at home * Quality of compost will depend on the quality of the materials that were composted * Organic
47
Why not use garden soil?
* Garden soils are too dense to allow good air and water movement when added to a container * Insects * Diseases * Weeds
48
Fertilizing a lawn
* Determine the level of growth desired * If a low-maintenance lawn is desirable, no fertilizer may be needed * Slow-release fertilizers are preferred over soluble fast- release formulations
49
How do you know what type of media to select?
listed on soil bags