Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Leaf Venation
A
2
Q
Dicots in seeds
vs
Monocots in seeds
A
Two cotyledons (part of the embryo)
only one cotyledon
3
Q
Dicots in Flowers
vs
Monocots in Flowers
A
Usually four or five floral parts (or multiples of these)
Usually 3 floral parts (or multiples of 3)
4
Q
Dicots in leaves
vs
Monocots in leaves
A
Usually a netlike array of leaf veins
Usually a parallel array of leaf veins
5
Q
Dicots in stems
vs
Monocots in stems
A
Vascular bundles arrayed as a ring in stem
Vascular bundles distributed ground tissue of stem
6
Q
3 Main reasons why we rotate plant fields
A
- interrupt the crop pests (lifecycles of insects and pathogens)
- Help with soil fertility (similar nutritional demands)
- Members of the Fabaceae (legume) can add nitrogen to the soil
- Members of the Liliaceae are heavy users of potassium
7
Q
What does understanding plant families provide assistance when using pesticides?
A
Many of the same families benefit from the same pesticides
8
Q
IPF (friends ad foe)
A
Friend - Important crop/ vegetable
Foe - plants/weeds we are trying to limit in nature
9
Q
Solanaceae Family
A
Nightshade
Friend - Potato and Tomato
Foe - Jimsonweed and nightshade
10
Q
Brassicaceae Family
A
Mustard family
Friend - Broccoli, canola, kale, mustard, turnips
Foe - Shepherds purse, yellow rocket
11
Q
Rosaceae Family
A
Rose Family
Friend - Apples, Peaches, strawberries, blackberries, pears, almond
Foe - Muliflora rose (weed)
12
Q
Fabaceae Family
A
Legume Family
Friend - Bean, Pea, alfalfa
Foe - Black medic (weed)
13
Q
Poaceae Family
A
Grass Family
Friend - Corn, wheat, barley, oats
Foe -barnyard grass
14
Q
Polygonaceae Family
A
Knotweed family
Friend - Buckwheat, rhubarb
Foe - Knotweed, smartweed
(Ocrea) - base of petiole connected to stem
15
Q
Asteraceae Family
A
Sunflower Family
Friend - Sunflower, Lettuce,
Foe - Dandelion, cocklebur, Ragweed
16
Q
Liliaceae Family
A
Lily Family
Friend - Asparagus, onions, garlic, tulips
Foe - Wild garlic
17
Q
Why is knowing a plant family important?
A
- Find common pests
- Similar in nutrients
- Used as identification
18
Q
What Plant families are the most important?
A
Grass Family!!!!!!
lots of staple foods - (20 crops between global starvation)
Legume Family
Nitrogen in soils
19
Q
Why do plants within a family share the same or similar pests
A
From the same origin, genetically similar.
20
Q
Photosynthesis in Greek
A
“photo” means Light
“synthesis” means put together
21
Q
How to plants make their own food
A
Photosynthesis
the process by which
22
Q
What 3 things are required for photosynthesis
A
Carbon dioxide
Water
light/ energy from the sun
23
Q
Formula for Photosynthesis
A
CO2 + H2O + Sun = Sugar +Oxygen
24
Q
Carbohydrates (starches and sugars)
A
After the plant produces carbohydrates
- Plat uses them as energy
- Stores then
- Builds complex energy compounds (oils and proteins)
25
Where does photosynthesis occur
In the Mesophyll layers of leaves (somtimes stems)
Mesophyll cells contain numerous chloroplasts (where photosynthesis takes place)
* Chloroplasts are very small
* One square millimeter, about the size of a period, would contain 400,000 chloroplasts
26
What is Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is the pigment that
makes leaves green, it is found in the chloroplasts
27
Chlorophyll VS Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll is the pigment/color that makes leaves green
Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis takes place
28
How does the light influence Photosynthesis
Generally, as sunlight increases, so does photosynthesis
29
What plant family is heavy users of potassium
Liliaceae family
30
What plant family is associated with a lot of toxic weeds in Wisconsin
The nightshate family
31
What family consist of many of the common fruits
Rose family
32
The fruit is the "_______" of a plant
Ovary
33
True or false
Wheat, rice, barley, and corn are all in the same plant family?
TRUE
grass family
34
What plant family is the ocrea associated with?
Knotweed
Polygonaceae Family
35
Where does Carbon dioxide enter the plant?
Stomata (natural openings inside plant)
36
Where does water enter in the plant?
Root (root hairs)
more surface area with root hairs collecting water.
37
Where does photosynthesis occur in the plant?
Mesophyll layer in
38
What are the layers of the leaf structure?
Cuticle
Mesophyll layer (w/ mesophyll cells (400,000 chloroplasts)
39
Waters role in photosynthesis
Water is one of the "raw" materials of photosynthesis
40
Carbon Dioxides role in photosynthesis
Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide
Enters plant through the stomata
Very plentiful in nature
Some greenhouses use commercial carbon dioxide generators (roses, tomatoes, etc.)
41
How does temperature influence photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis occurs at its highest rate between 65° and 85° F
Decreases at higher or lower temperatures
42
What is respiration?
Essentially the opposite of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a building process, while respiration is a breaking down process.
43
Respiration details
Carbohydrates (made during photosynthesis) are of value to a plant when they are converted to energy
Energy used for cell growth and new tissue
The chemical process sugars and starches are converted to energy is called oxidation.
Controlled oxidation (in a living cell) is called respiration
44
Can photosynthesis occur at night
NO
45
Can respiration occur during the day
YES
46
What is transpiration?
When a leaf’s guard cells shrink, its stomata open and water is lost (transpiration)
This results in most water being pulled through the plant roots.
Rate of transpiration is directly related to whether stomata are open or closed
Stomata account for 1% of leaf surface area but 90% of the water transpired.
47
What are the 3 vital processes for a plats survival
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Transpiration
48
What happens to a plant on hot days?
- Closes stomata's, photosynthesis stops
uses respiration till reserves of carbohydrates are gone.
49
Where do trees get their mass from?
air ;)
50
Plant biomass is primarily made of "__________"
CARBON
51
What is Pollination?
The transfer of pollen from the anthers of a flower to a stigma
52
Results of pollination
"Cross-pollination" - When pollination occurs between different flowers
"Self pollination" - Transfer happens within the same plant
Which one is preferred in nature, why?
Cross pollination because of divers genetics
53
Self pollinating crops
Wheat
oats
54
What is the ecological importance of pollination?
Approximately 80% of flowering plants rely on animals for gene transfer. Fruits and seeds comprise around 25% of diets of birds and mammals.
- Lower pollination rates = Scarce resources
55
What is the agricultural importance of pollination?
Insects pollinate 2/3 of the worlds crops and 1/3 food we eat
56
What is the economic importance of pollination?
$15 billion per year to US economy
57
What are the 2 types of pollen
Lightweight and heavy weight pollen
58
What is heavyweight pollen
Heavy, sticky pollen that must be physically moved from one plant to another
59
What is lightweight pollen
Lightweight pollen is easily blown by wind in between plants
60
Who does the work of moving pollen? which one is most important?
Many animals can pollenate
- Bees are the most important mover of pollen
assisted by flies, beetles, wasps, butterflies, and moths
- Tropical regions - Bats, hummingbirds
61
Why are bees the most important pollinators
Feed on nectar and pollen (primaraly food for adults)
Pollen collecting structors (hairs, scopa, etc.)
Display floral constantancy (stay with a
62
What is floral constancy?
63
What do plants offer these pollinators
Pollen is an important source of protein and nectar which is a sugar solution.
64
What are 3 ways flowers lure insects
Colors/ bright florescence
Smell
Flower shapes
65
What is essential in fruit and nut production
Pollinators
66
More pollination = higher yield
67
What crops require pollination
Fruits, vegetables, and nuts
Without pollinators we would not have blueberries, apples, peaches
68
Are Pollinators in trouble?
69
What is causing this pollination problem
Conversation of natural habitats to cropland or suburban development
Nonnative
70
What are the pollinator stressors?
71
What can we do?
Plant different species of flower
avoid disruption during busy hours
knowledge of bee hives
not spry when flowers are flowering
72
Do annual or perennial flower longer
Annual
73
Habitat modification
Vineyards now contain flowers
74
what percentage of surface area is the stomata
1%
75
What is the % of water transpired in stomata
90%
76
What is a pest?
An organism that has a negative impact on a plant
77
What are the three pest management strategies?
Preventative methods
Suppressive pest control methods
Eradication strategies
78
What is preventative method in pest management
Discourage damaging pest populations from developing
Examples ;
Planting disease or weed free seed
Resistant varieties - insects, pathogens, some weeds
Cultural controls (cultivation, planting dates, remove overwintering sites.)
79
What is Suppressive method in pest management
Reduce existing pest populations to tolerable levels.
Examples ;
Release of biological control
Mowing
cultivating weeds
80
What is eradication method in pest management
Eradication, NO pests can be tolerated, eliminating the pest from a designated area
coordination of eradication efforts is usually the responsibility of government agencies.
81
What are the costs and benifits of controls
Fundamental to the success of an integrated
approach to pest management is that the cost of
control should not exceed the economic return or
increased value of the plant host due to the
management activity
* Impact on total ecosystem must be assessed
82
What is the value of management
* Fundamental to the success of an Integrated
approach to pest management is the cost of
control should not exceed the economic return or
increased value of the plant host due to the
management activity
83
Why use IPM?
pest control often relied on a single pest control method,
such as repeated pesticide applications
84
What are the problems of continued pesticide use of one chemical
- increases risk of resistant population
- Effecting other bioenvironments and creatures
- Destruction of natural enemies
- Contamination of food webs
- Destruction of pollinators
- General eco toxicity
85
Struggles with pesticide changes
- want cheep food
- unblemished food
Aesthetically pleasing lawn and landscapes
- Pest free environments
Pest-free environments for
working and living
*Disease free environment
86
Key Principles of IPM in Entomology
1. Potentially harmful species will continue to exist at tolerable levels of abundance.
Pests are an integral part of the ecosystem
(strategy is manage rather than eradicate the pests)
2. The ecosystem is the management unit.
Knowledge of the actions, reactions and interactions of the components of the ecosystem are essential to implement IPM programs
3. Use of natural control is maximized
4. IPM theory dictates choice of management techniques
(use more selective management tactics). Economic threshold – a prediction of loss vs. risk
5. Control procedures must be evaluated
6. An interdisciplinary systems approach is essential
(farm, business, forest, etc.)
87
Evaluate the soybean aphid using the Key Principles of IPM
1. Ubiquitous - cant get rid of aphids, rapidly reproduce
2. Over winters - on the weed buckthorn
3. Natural control - Ladybugs & daddy long legs
4. counting
5. Avoid pesticides detriment to natural control
6. Entomologist, weed scientist
88
Why we monitor pest populations
89
How we monitor pest populations
"W" pattern in fields - representative of what's across field
Determine IF population needs to me manages
Historically, there was calendar spray schedule (no regard to if pests were present)
Better manage the ecosystem
* Sticky traps can be used in both the green house and the field
90
Economic or Action Thresholds - A prediction of loss vs risk
What is it and how does it work?
Economic Injury Level (EIL) –
The lowest pest density at which economic losses occur
Action Threshold (AT) also known at the economic threshold (ET) –
Pest density at which some management decision must be made to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching damaging levels and preventing economic loss
91
What makes insects successful on plants?
Rapid Reproduction
Adaptability
Easy transportation
* Many have evolved with the crops or landscape
* Chemical cues
* Genetic variation
* Develop resistance to insecticides
* High reproductive capacity
* Mobility
* Diapause (dormant state)
92
What are the 3 distinct parts of an insect?
head, thorax and abdomen
Identify by body parts, antennae, and mouthparts
All insects have one pair of antenna on the front of the head
93
How to identify an insect
* Same pest in different areas or crops may have different common names
* Corn earworm, tomato fruitworm, and cotton bollworm
* Example Helicoverpa zea
94
Do fungi, insects, and plants have a scientific name?
YES - Same format as well
95
What is biocontrol
Using a living organism to eliminate a pest
A pest management tool that
utilizes the action of predators,
parasitoids, and pathogens to reduce pest
populations
96
What defines a Predator
Requires more than one host to complete development (kills host)
97
What is the dormant state of insects?
Diapause
98
What defines a parasite?
Requires one host to complete development (rarely kills host)
99
What is a Parasitoid?
Requires one host to complete development. Almost always kills the host in the process
100
What makes good Biocontrol agents
FITNESS AND ADAPTABILITY
HIGH SEARCHING CAPACITY
SYNCHRONIZATION WITH THE HOST AND ITS HABITAT
101
Types of damage insects have on plants
* Chew twigs, leaves, fruit
* Suck sap
* Bore into branches, trunks, or fruit
* Lay eggs in plant tissue
* Disseminate disease organisms
102
What does it mean when an insect vectors a virus?
Transmitting the virus to plant in the area via insect transportation
103
What percentage of disease in organisms is caused by Fungi?
85%
104
What are the 3 disease organisms or pathogens that can be disseminated by insects?
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
105
If every single line is susceptible, why do we want to manage this disease? (Dutch elm disease)
use of tree
prolonged "treatment' of disease
106
Example of Insects vectoring a virus
Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is vectored by aphids
107
Example of Insects vectoring a fungi
Bark beetle vectors the fungus (Ophiostoma ulmi) to cause the disease Dutch Elm Disease
108
Example of Insects vectoring a bacteria
Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) vectors the bacterium (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) – citrus greening
80% yield reduction due to this disease
109
What is the most successful biological control agent ever?
* The prickly pear became a major invasive weed in Australia by the early 1900s
* Prickly pear had overtaken 60 million acres (24.3 million hectares) of land in New South Wales and Queensland, making it unusable
* In 1913, the Queensland Government instituted a team of scientist
* Cactoblastis cactorum
* Moth was imported from Argentina
* Most of the overgrown land had been cleared of the pest plants
110
What countries use ac
GB and USA
111
What does Ha stand for?
Hectars - form of land measurement
112
How big is an ac
43,560 square feet
113
What is a nematode?
microscopic unsegmented roundworms
They are the most abundant multicellular animals on earth (found in every soil, every body of water, and even in extreme deserts and polar ice fields)
114
What do nematodes feed on?
Most feed on bacteria, then some on fungi, and other nematodes
115
Are there beneficial nematodes?
YES
Insect parasitic nematodes are small round worms that kill insects but harmless to other organisms
Species are often used as biological control
116
How do nematodes help control plant pests?
Beneficial nematodes parasitize insects by entering their bodies and infecting them with bacteria from their gut (kills host)
They can feed on over 200 crop pests from up to 100 insect families
117
How are the vast majority of nematodes applied to crops?
Irrigation systems
118
How are nematodes useful?
Help keep populations low enough to prevent significant crop damage (reduce need for pesticides)
Safe for pollinators, kids, dogs, etc.
No protective gear is needed
119
What are some restrictions when using nematodes
Some work best in cultivated soils while others work best in undisturbed soils
Sensitive to temperature (living organism)
Photodegradation
Timing of application (seasonal)
Growth stage of plant
Expensive to obtain
120
What is photodegradation
The effect and change of the organism due to light
121
Would we are first introducing nematodes to a garden would we start with an infested crop or clean crop?
Clean crop in hopes to reduce risk of spreading the pests from the infected crop.
prevention is the best treatment
122
How do nematodes feed on other nematodes and plants?
With a stylet
123
are all nematodes with stylets parasitic?
No, they could just feed on other nematodes not on the plant.
124
You can have a ______ yield loss without having symptoms in your soil
30%-40%
125
How to identify Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) – Heterodera glycines
Small bright cysts on roots of soybean
light up in the dark
lemon shaped
126
How SCN spreads
Soil erosion - wind
tires, farm equipment - transportation
rain moving dirt
127
What do we call yellowing tissue in a plant
Chlorotic tissue also known as chlorosis
128
How many eggs are in a CSN cyst
300-400 eggs
129
How many times can the SCN Lifecycle have?
3-4 cycles
130
How many years can cysts survive in the soil.
Over 10 years
131
How can we aid the SCN issue?
Crop rotation
Genetic resistance
132
Where to scout for SCN in a field
Low spots prone to water flow
Sandier soils
Field entrances where people may come and go
historic low yield
133
Where would you identify SCN from early season?
Soil sample, take soil as close as you can to plant roots
134
Where would identify SCN from late season?
(SCN)
Look at plant roots directly
135
Some trends to look into before scouting for nematodes
Dependent on species (foliar, seed gall, bulb, roots, etc.)
Most plant-pathogenic
nematodes are root pathogens
Early season vs late season
136
Nematodes vs Pesticides
- easy to apply
- safe
- expensive
- can die
137
What to look for when selecting a seed
- reliable grower
138
What is on a seed packet?
Common name and scientific name
Light requirements
Plant height at maturity
Planting depth
Space between seeds in a row
Instructions for thinning
Days to germination and maturity (Germination %)
(Example - germination rate of 80 percent in 2020, the 2021 rate can be expected to be lower, for example, 50 percent)
139
Who creates plant hardiness zones
USDA
140
What plants benefit most to hardiness zones
Perennial plants
141
What is the USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
142
How do you know if you can save seeds year to year?
