Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Plant Science > Unit 3 /10-31-22 > Flashcards

Unit 3 /10-31-22 Flashcards

1
Q

CMS

A

Cytoplasmic male sterility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

If you collected the seeds from your hybrid they would

A

not be great, hybrid benefits only come from first gen seeds from non hybrid parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Benefits from hybrids

A

High yields
vigor and uniformity

Expensive
Cannot save seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Open pollinated

A

Self pollinate or cross-pollinate with other plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How to store seeds

A

Keep in cool, dry place

Paper packets are best kept in
tightly closed jars or containers
and maintained around 40°F with
low humidity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is required for seeds to germinate?

A

Water, temp, oxygen

light is not required for all seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Those interested in saving seeds should
stick with open-pollinated varieties,
because seed saved from hybrids does not
“breed true”; the next generation won’t
look exactly like the original variety.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Water

A
  • Water is the critical first step
  • Without water, seeds will remain dormant
  • Too much water causes seeds to rot
  • Too little water causes the embryos to die
  • Try not to displace seeds by excessive flooding. Germination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oxygen

A
  • All viable seeds need oxygen.
  • Seed respiration rate increases
    dramatically during germination.
  • Growing medium must be loose
    and well-aerated.
  • Too much water can inhibit
    germination!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Light

A
  • Some seeds require light to germinate.
    - Dill,
  • Some seeds require darkness to germinate.
    - Kale and cauliflower
  • Some light is not a factor in germination.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to plant seeds that require light?

A
  • When sowing light-requiring seeds, do not bury them.
  • Cover them lightly with fine peat moss or fine vermiculite.
  • Provide supplemental light for 6-12” above the seeds for 18 h per day.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Temperature

A
  • Each plant has a specific optimum and range within which germination will occur.
  • Cool-season Crop
    - Peas = Hypogeal
  • Warm-season crops

barley, oats, canola = 40-68

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cool-season vegetables

A
  • Asparagus, beets, broccoli,
    Brussels sprouts, chives, cabbage,
    carrots, cauliflower, Swiss chard,
    kale, leek, lettuce, onion,
    parsnips, peas, radishes, spinach,
    and turnips.

Less susceptible to frost damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Warm-season vegetables

A
  • Beans, corn, cucumbers,
    eggplant, melons, peppers,
    zucchini and summer squash,
    pumpkin and winter squash,
    sweet potato, tomato,
    watermelon.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Establishing Seedlings

A
  • After germination, seedlings must receive bright light.
  • Insufficient light causes seedlings to “stretch”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Seedlings

A
  • Ideally, seedlings should be dark green and sturdy.
  • Symptoms of nutrient deficiencies include pale yellow
    foliage, purpling of leaves (older plants).

Very sensitive to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transplanting and Handling

A
  • If plants have not been seeded in
    individual containers, they must
    be transplanted.
  • What happens if you leave the
    seedlings too long?
  • Ideal time is when the first true
    leaves appear between the
    cotyledons (called “seed” leaves).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of ways to mess up seedling

A

light, pot too long, water, fertilizer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Transplanting

A
  • Carefully dig up the small plants with a knife or wooden pot ladle.
  • Gently ease them apart in small groups to make separating individuals easier (do not tear roots).
  • Handle small seedling by their leaves, not their delicate stem
  • After transplants, seedlings need nutrients.
  • Some commercial soil mixes have fertilizer already added.
  • If you are using media without fertilizers, you will need to add supplemental nutrients.
  • Young seedlings are easily damaged by too much fertilizer, especially if they are under moisture stress.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you know if you should add fertilizer to your plant

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Containers

A
  • Garden containers come in many different types and materials.
  • Examples wooden or plastic flats, trays, cell-packs, and pots for starting seeds.
  • Drainage at the bottom of the container is critical for plants.
  • Drainage allows water in the soil to drain freely so adequate air is available for the roots.
  • Few plants can survive in stagnant water!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

examples that can grow in low oxygen tensions

A

rice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the most prominent gas in out atmosphere

A

approx. 80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

All plants use _________ in the form of ammonia?

A

Nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Biological Nitrogen Fixation

A

The process that changes N2 into biologically useful NH3

This process is mediated in nature only by N-fixing rhizobia bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How to know a legume plant is fixing nitrogen

A

the nodes are pink or red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The nitrogen fixation (N2 fixation) process between
legume plants and rhizobia
bacteria is referred to as a _________________

A

symbiotic relationship

Each organism receives
something from the other and
gives back something in return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the trade off for the legume plants and bacteria?

A
  • Bacteria – provides nitrogen
  • Plant – provides
  • carbohydrates
  • Protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What influences nitrogen fixation

A
  • Directly related to plant
    growth rate (drought,
    temperature, plant
    nutrients, disease, etc.)

*sufficient leaf area to
intercept sunlight is
essential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the quantity of nitrogen fixed by legumes

A

The quantity of nitrogen fixed by legumes can range from almost none to over 200 lb/acre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How can we use legume plants to reduce our use of synthetic fertilizers?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some factors that influence the quantity of nitrogen
fixed?

A

*Nitrogen in soil
* Rhizobia strain
* Amount of legume plant growth
*How the legume is managed
* Length of growing season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Will legume plants take nitrogen from air or soil first?

A

If given the choice, legume plant will remove nitrogen from the
soil before obtaining nitrogen from the air

it elucidates soil fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

White clover, alfalfa, vetch, annual medics, cowpea, etc. all require different strains of Rhizobium bacteria
* Why?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the limitations of Rhizobia bacteria

A

expensive

It can be difficult to introduce a
new legume species into a
pasture that had different
legume species growing for
several years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which do you think would take more nitrogen from soil (legume or
grass)

A

Generally, fibrous root
system is more efficient at
extracting nutrients and
moisture as compared with
a taproot
Therefore in a legume/grass
mixture, the grass will utilize
more of the soil nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The primary pathway for nitrogen
transfer from legume plants to soil
are through _________ and
______________

A

grazing livestock

lant decomposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where Other
consideration
s with
pasture
grazing and
nitrogen?

A
  • Distribution of feces and urine on the pasture
  • Much of the animal feces stay near shaded trees and
    water source
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q
A

the more you can depose th material, the

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

how to plants decompose

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Symbiotic relationship between
fungi and plant roots

A

Mycorrhizal
Fungi
* Mycorrhiza means “fungus root

enhance nutrience and eeater =

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is

A

PH lowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Do you think rhizobium forms symbiotic relationships with many different species of plants.

A

NO!

They are host specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Will legume plants take nitrogen from the air or the soil first?

A

Soil - it is easier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Are monocots more efficient in extracting nitrogen from the soil?

A

yes, true!
root system is dense and spreads around covering more area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What % of nitrogen passes through an animal

A

80-90%

50% of nitrogen in
urine is lost through volatilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are 4 ways mycorrhiza benefit plants?

A

help with intake of nutrience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Is there an evolutionalry advantage to this symbiotic relationship

A

PH, Water, Nutrient uptatke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Are Lichens plants

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are lichens?

A
  • Symbiotic association involving a fungus and green algae
  • The fungus obtains carbohydrates produced by
    photosynthesis from the algae
  • Green algae receives protection from desiccation and UV
    light
  • Wide range of lichens found on every continent
  • Rocks, sidewalks, graves stones, cars, etc.
51
Q

Do lichens kill trees?

A

NO

52
Q

Why are there more lichens on a dead tree

A

More are visible on dead tree, just hanging out on the bark

53
Q

Do lichens produce oxygen

A

Yes they use photosynthisis

54
Q

What is plant pathology

A

Plant pathology is a science that studies plant pathogens and diseases.
wanting to Improve the chance of survival of plants or limit yield loss

55
Q

Economic importance of plant pathology

A

world wide 20% lost in yield due to pathogens

about 42% yield lost combined

56
Q

Disease definition

A

Any physiological or morphological change in a living
organism due to a continuous irritant (abiotic and biotic)

57
Q

Parasite

A

An organism living on or in another organism from which it
obtains food

58
Q

are all parasites are pathogens?

A

YES

59
Q

Of all of the disease in plants ________ are caused by fungi

A

80%

60
Q

Biotic

A

living organisms that cause disease

61
Q

Abiotic

A

noninfectious factors that may affect many plants in an area

62
Q

Humans iron deficiency is an ______disease

A

abiotic disease

63
Q

Athletes’ foot is an example of a _____ disease

A

Biotic disease

64
Q

What are 3 things you need for disease

A

Host
Pathogen
Environment

65
Q

What are 3 things you need for disease (amp)

A

Susceptible host
Virulent pathogen
Favorable (conductive) environment

66
Q

Who is Robigalia

A

The Robigalia was a festival in ancient Roman religion held April 25, named for the god Robigus. Its main ritual was a dog sacrifice to protect grain fields from disease

67
Q

What is monoculture

A

Lack of genetic variation

68
Q

What is The Great Bengal Famine

A
  • Rice is one of Asia’s main food
    staples and in 1942 it had almost
    disappeared.
  • The area of Bengal in West India had
    experienced a disease that reduced
    rice yield to 40-90%
  • 3 million people died from
    starvation
  • Brown Spot (Cochliobolus
    miyabeanus)
69
Q

Southern corn leaf blight (bipolaris maydis)

A
  • In 1970, almost 85% of US corn fields were planted with one type of corn (Tcms)
  • Devastating epidemic
  • The economic losses totaled
    about 1 billion dollars in USA
70
Q

Plant diseases as the wrath of gods – Theophrastus

A
  • People continued to suffer from
    hunger and malnutrition due
    partially at least to diseases
    destroying their crop.
  • Spontaneous generation
    (production of living organisms
    from nonliving matter)
71
Q

What was the First management practice of a plant pathogen

A
  • In the mid-1600s, a group of French farmers noted that wheat rust was always more severe on wheat near barberry bushes than away from them.
  • The French government passed the first plant disease laws that forced towns to remove barberry trees.
72
Q

What the issue in the Irish famine

A

The lumper potatoes were susceptible

phytopthora infestance

73
Q

What started the scientific discipline of plant pathology

A

Potato blight

74
Q

CMD

A

caused by virus

75
Q

How do plant pathologist differ from medical pathologist

A

plat pathology is based on yield

76
Q

Plant pathology options

A

IPM
Fungicides
genetic resistance

77
Q

Why manage plant disease IPM?

A
78
Q

What are some of the consciences if diseases are not manages (5)?

A
79
Q

Which example would be a loss of a natural rescores

A

Dutch elm disease

80
Q

What is the first step in determining a disease is for a plant

A

Identify the host plant

81
Q

Fungi Indicators

A

Mycelia and/or spores

82
Q

Bacteria indicators

A

Ooze

83
Q

Nematode indicators

A

Cysts

84
Q

poor would eat

A

Rye

85
Q

Rich would eat

A

Wheat

86
Q

Rye is susceptible to Ergot

A
87
Q

Fusarium Head Blight (scab)

A

Disease on cereal crops (wheat, barley)
Mycotoxin - DON

88
Q

What is the toxic in ergot

A

elcoloides

89
Q

sclerotia

A

the pathogens names are always italicized, the ———- is not+

90
Q

Livestock and SCAB

A

Consuming grain at the levels greater than 1 ppm health risk in humans

livestock - vomiting, feed refusal and aborted calves

91
Q
A

Durum wheat for pasta

92
Q

What foods are often staple foods

A

Carbohydrates

93
Q

What is considered a crop

A
  • A crop is a plant that can be grown
    and harvested for food or profit
94
Q

What are the 6 categories of crop

A
  • Six categories of crops
    1. Food crops
    2. Feed crops
    3. Fiber crops
    4. Oil crops
    5. Ornamental crops
    6. Industrial crops
95
Q

800 million people rely on cassava

A
96
Q

Feed Crops

A
  • Are harvest for livestock consumption
    (example oats and alfalfa) and barley
  • Forage crops are important for livestock
    farming. Animals feed directly on forages
    crops such as grasses, alfalfa, etc.
  • FAO – 33% of arable land on Earth is used
    to produce food for livestock
97
Q

What are the world leading staple foods?

A
  • Cassava, maize, plantains, potatoes, rice, sorghum, soybeans, sweet potatoes, wheat, and yams
  • Note – crops do not always feed people near where they are grown. Crops grown in one place might be exported to another.
98
Q

What is FAO?

A

Food in agricultural

99
Q

What is a food staple?

A
  • Food that makes up the dominant part of a population’s diet
  • Food staples are eaten regularly – even daily – and supply a major proportion of a person’s energy and nutritional needs
100
Q

What influences popularity of a food crop?

A
  • Climate
  • Accessibility
  • Trade
  • Culture
101
Q

What is GDD?

A

Growing degree days

How many days of this temperature are required for a plant to flower.

102
Q

Fiber Crops

A
  • Fiber crops are harvested for textile and paper products. Examples include cotton and hemp.
  • Cotton is the most popular fiber crop in the world!
103
Q

Oil Crops

A
  • Oil crops are harvested for consumption or industrial uses. Examples include canola, corn, and sunflower.
  • Fuel made from oil crops is called biofuel.
104
Q

Ornamental Crops

A
  • Are harvested for landscape gardening. Examples include azalea, tulip, etc.
  • Ornamental crops can play an important role in economic
    activity in developing countries. Kenya is a major exporter of
    roses and carnations.
105
Q

Industrial Crops

A

Tobacco and rubber

  • Industrial crops are harvested for there products in factories or machines. Examples include rubber and tobacco.
  • Rubber is produced naturally from a wide variety of plants but predominantly from the Hevea tree.
106
Q

Which crop plants are the most important in terms of
production (worldwide)?

A

Corn!

107
Q

Which crop plants are important in terms of calories
and protein?

A

protein - Soybeans Potato
calories - sugarcane and potato

108
Q

Which crop plants are important in terms of calories
and protein?

A
  • In 2020, the top 10 agriculture-producing States in terms of cash receipts were (in descending order): California, Iowa, Nebraska, Texas, Kansas, Minnesota, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, and North Carolina.
109
Q

What are the leading farm commodities, in terms of
cash receipts, in the United States?

A
  • In 2020, the 10 largest sources of cash receipts from the sale of U.S.-produced farm commodities were (in descending order): cattle/calves, corn, soybeans, dairy products/milk,
    miscellaneous crops, broilers, hogs, wheat, chicken eggs, and hay.
110
Q

What is a weed?

A
  • Any plant that interferes or has a negative impact on the activities of people
  • “unwanted”
111
Q

Is corn open pollinated or a hybrid?

A

Hybrid

112
Q

can a diseased plant be a weed

A

YES

113
Q

What 4 things do weeds take away from crops

A

Nutrience
Space
Light
Water

114
Q

Why is weed control important

A
  • Livestock producer
  • Home
  • Medical
  • Recreational
  • Aesthetic
  • Hort/turf/agronomic
  • Preserving native species
115
Q

Where to go to check what plants are toxic to livestock

A

Wisconsin Extension

WSSA

116
Q

Livestock Producer concerns

A
  • Nuisance
  • Poisonous
117
Q

Homeowner

A

landscaping
pets
children

118
Q

Medical

A

Jimsonweed

  • Near Jamestown many of the governor’s
    ill-equipped, famished soldiers devoured
    the thorny fruits of a plant growing in
    profusion thereabouts and promptly
    died. Shortly thereafter, Bacon himself,
    aged 29, died suddenly “of a mysterious
    fever called the ‘Bloodie Flux.’”
  • Thereafter, the plant was known as
    “Jamestown weed” — a designation that
    in time became “jimson weed.” By any
    name, it has a long and lethal history.
119
Q
A

Aquatic settings

120
Q
A

Lawn

121
Q

Crop loss

A
122
Q

What are the 3 weed distributions

A

Regular
Random
Patchy

123
Q

Would you see more annuals or perennials in a patchy weed setting

A

Perennials

rysomes and stolons

124
Q

Would you see more annuals or perennials in a Random weed setting

A

Annuals

Plant Science (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions