Unit 4 Flashcards
American core values
Individualism equality of opportunity free enterprise rule of law limited government
political culture
dominant set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values that define the relationship btwn citizens /gov
individualism
belief that indivs should be responsible for themselves and for the decisions they make
equality of opportunity
everyone should have the chance to succeed on their own effort
not the same as equality of result
free enterprise/laissez-faire
econ system in which gov intrudes as little as possible in the econ transactions among citizens and businesses
(gov doesn’t set wages/price/production- left to indivs & businesses)
equality and ______ contradict
freedom
rule of law
principle that nobody, including public officials, is above the law
components of rule of law
fair trials, impartial juries, decisions based on precedent, transparency of government operations
limited gov
humans have inherent rights that the gov can’t take away
components of limited government
checks and balances/ written constitution, federalism, BoR
political socialization
experiences and factors that help shape an individual’s political values, attitudes, and behaviours
political ideology
individual’s coherent set of beliefs abt gov and politics
What is the most important fact to the process of political socialization?
family
Role of education in pollitics
helps to transmit norms, teach American civics, intro students to political participation/ volunteering
Trends in religion/politics
Catholics/ Jews more lib than Protestants, more liberal than Evangelicals
white Catholics–> Trump
Hisp Cath –> Clinton
Muslims typically more Dem
Role of churches in politics
churches infl bc of doctrinal pos, social interactions btwn members
civic engagement= dev skills & experience in organizing/ pub speaking/ fundraising/ interactions w gov officials
generational effect
impact of historical events exp by a generation upon their political views
life-cycle effect
the impact of a person’s age and stage in life on his or her political views
Millenial’s political infl
terrorism
Baby Boomer’s political infl
Vietnam/ Watergate Scandal
Older v Younger political engagement
older more politically engaged than younger
globalization
inc interconnected of people, businesses, and countries throughout the world
blurs lines btwn international/ domestic politics
International superpowers
US
China- econ/ military
Russia- asserts interests in Europe
organizations w/ global impact
- multinational corporations
- nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
- intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
multinational corporations
companies that make/ transport/ market goods in 2+ countries
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
independent groups outside of the gov that work towards a public cause
intergovernmental organizations
challenge sovereignty of countries
European Union/ World Trade Organization
Free trade
imposes few restrictions on flow of goods/ services across global borders
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
FTA btwn US, Canada, Mexico
Who criticized NAFTA? Why?
Trump administration; b/c of cost of American manufacturing jobs
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
regional FTA trade agreement btwn 12 nations
Who endorsed the TPP? Who left it?
Obama; Trump
Result of free trade
of service jobs have increased, lower prices for consumers
link btwn globalization and democracy
g can encourage d
states must reach certain level of d to be accepted in intl organizations
watchdog NGOs hold authoritarian regimes acct to global audience
cits of these countries have access to tech that allows them to better question their gov
outsourcing
when a company moves its business to a place where labor costs are cheaper or production is more efficient b/c workers work longer hrs
consequences of outsourcing
loss of domesting jobs
may lower env and labor standards in foreign countries
weakens traditional cultures
connects ppl/ groups w neg and dangerous intentions
public opinion
sum of idivs attitudes abt gov, policies, and issues
“take a knee”
refusing of stand for the national anthem in the protest of racism;
became political as American public opinion differed over the issue of race and respect for American custom
components of public opinion
indiv’s own beliefs and attitudes
the blending of the preferences into a larger concept
Other cues that help sway public opinion
party preference
political ideology
two basic requirements for an effective rep dem
- must have opinions able to be communicated to reps (elections measure preference/ focus groups)
- elected officials must respond to these expressed preferences
focus groups
a small group of individuals assembled for a conversation abt specific issues
scientific poll
takes into acct a rep sample of randomly selected respondents with a statistically sig sample size, using neutral language
sample
a group of individuals from a larger population used to measure public opinion
Random selection
a method of choosing all poll respondents in a way that does not over- or under-represent any group of the population
Representative sample
a sample that reflects the demographics of the population
weighting
used to results of a survey according to the demographics of the larger population.
sampling error
the margin of error in a poll which is usually calculated to plus or minus three percentage points
Entrance survey
poll conducted of people who are coming into an event
Exit polls
survey conducted following an event or at a polling place after individuals have voted, asking who or what individuals voted for and why
Benchmark polls
a survey taken at the beginning of a political campaign in order to gauge support for a candidate and determine which issues are important to voters.
Tracking polls
determine level of support for a candidate or issue over the length of a campaign
Random digit dialing
uses telephone numbers randomly generated by computer to select respondents
Question order
the sequencing of questions in public opinion polls
Question wording
the phrasing of a question in a public opinion poll
________ are negative campaign tactics meant to skew the respondent’s opinion of a candidate
Push polls
Most effective predictor of public opinion
party ID
Divisions of public opinion
racial, ethnic, gender, socioeconomic and age lines
polls are used by________
researchers, candidates, elected officials, interest groups, and media
purpose of polls
to measure Americans’ viewpoints about government and politics
political ideology
a set of beliefs abt the desired goals and outcomes of a process of governance
Americans share _____ but disagree over desired ____________
values; policymaking
right
something guaranteed; gov can’t take away
privilege
something a person may obtain/ receive, but the gov can take away
party ID
an individual’s attachment to a political party
conservatism
ideology favoring more control of social behavior, fewer regs on businesses & less gov interference in the economy
liberalism
an ideology favoring very little government regulation and intervention beyond protecting private property & individual liberty
D basic values
- liberty of privacy
- order in gun regulation
- protect liberties of the accused
- pro- choice
- favor tax inc
R basic values
- liberty in the marketplace
- order in immigration
- stronger punishment for offenders
- pro- life
- favor tax cuts for business
laissez- faire
economic policy in which governments intrude as little as possible in the econ transactions btwn cits and businesses
command and control economy
economic policy in which gov dictates much of the nation’s economic activity, incl the amt of production and the price of food
mixed econ
economic policy in which many economic conditions are left to individuals and businesses, w/ the gov regulating econ activity
What determines economic health?
- gross domestic policy
- unemployment rate
_______ guides econ policy
econ health
gross domestic policy (GDP)
the total value of goods and services produced by an economy
econ recession
two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth
unemployment rate
the % of people actively looking but unable to find jobs
inflation
the rise in the prices of goods and services
consumer price index (CPI)
the cost of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, used to measure the cost of living
When were Keynes works published?
During the Great Depression
Boom
people spend more, invest unwisely
Bust
cut back on spending & investing, exacerbation contraction
According to Keynes, what drives business cycles
individual decisions regarding saving and soending
According to Keynes, what should the gov do to help a bust
inject more money into the economy
Which policies & under which admins did the gov inject money into the econ?
New Deal- FDR (D) Recovery Act (Obama) (D)
supply side theory/ reaganomics
lower taxes to help businesses regenerate
critics of reaganomics
trickle down econ: the wealthy will benefit, unlikely these benefits will make their way to individuals not directly impacted by lower tax rates
proponents of reaganomics
excessive taxation drags down economy and growth of businesses
fiscal policy
gov use of taxes and spending to attempt to lower unemployment, support econ growth, and stabilize the economy
