Unit 3.9 Flashcards

1
Q

Organic growth

A
  • Business has grown from within without a merger or takeover
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2
Q

Organic growth - new product launches

A
  • If the investment pays off then the business may have a USP etc
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3
Q

Organic growth -Opening new stores

A
  • H&M expanded to Bulgaria and Cyprus etc
  • H&M has also launched an online store in Japan
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4
Q

Organic growth - Expanding into foreign markets

A
  • Marks and Spencer’s aims to open 250 stores Outside the UK including 20 sites in India
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5
Q

Organic growth - Expansion of the workforce

A
  • Aldi launched a $600 million expansion which includes hiring 8,000 new staff
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6
Q

Pros of Organic growth

A
  • Cheaper than a merger
  • Retains company culture
  • Gives the business a higher market share and therefore more power over buyers and suppliers
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7
Q

Cons of organic growth

A
  • High risk strategy - Opening new stores and hiring new staff is capital intensive
  • Long period between investment and ROI
  • New markets and countries can be hard to enter
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8
Q

Retrenchment

A

Reduction in costs or spending in response to economic difficulty e.g. making employees redundant to save money

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9
Q

Economies of scale

A

Production levels are less expensive as average cost has fallen - increase profit margins for the business

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10
Q

Purchasing economies of scale

A

Large firms attract specialist buyers who don’t waste cash buying stock that wont sell - benefit from buying in bulk

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11
Q

Technical economies of scale

A

Large firms employ specialist labour and capital which stimulates productivity

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12
Q

Manageria economies of scale

A

Large firms have the resources to attract specialist managers who make the business more efficient

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13
Q

Economies of scope

A

Proportionate saving gained by producing two or more distinct goods, when the cost of doing so is less than that of producing each strategy

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14
Q

Issues with growth

A

Diseconomies of scale = As businesses grow they may expand their scale of production beyond the minimum efficient scale - leads to average unit cost rising with a rise in production

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15
Q

Diseconomies of scale - demotivation

A
  • Workers in large companies may feel demotivated as they have little say in working life - Can lead to powerlessness and alienation
  • Means increased absenteeism and lateness
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16
Q

Diseconomies of scale - Lack of coordination

A
  • All operations need controlling so the business can run smoothly - workers need monitoring which adds costs to the company - More managers needed etc
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17
Q

Issues of growth - The experience curve

A
  • Theory from the Boston Consultancy group - as a company grows it will refine the production process to become more efficient
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18
Q

Issues of growth - Synergy

A

Concept that value and performance of two companies will be greater than the sum of the individual parts - stronger together

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19
Q

Issues of growth - Over-trading

A
  • Business accepts more orders than it can cope with
  • Results in cash flow problems
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20
Q

Impact of growth on functional departments

A
  • More advertisement needed to a wider audience
  • Company may have gone into debt to fund the growth
  • Operations need to be made more efficient - more production ,lines required etc
  • More employees need training and recruiting
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21
Q

Impact of retrenchment on functional departments

A
  • Marketing need increasing in attempt to improve brand loyalty
  • Revenue decreased
  • Less production lines
  • Redundancies and redeployment
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22
Q

Merger

A
  • Legal deal to bring two businesses together under one board of directors
  • e.g. Orange + T mobile = EE
  • e.g. Lloyd’s + TSB = Lloyd’s TSB
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23
Q

Takeover

A
  • aka as an acquisition
  • Lager business takes over a smaller one
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24
Q

Takeover - Friendly

A

A business may be struggling with cash flow and therefore invites a takeover - Morrison’s took over a struggling Safeway

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25
Q

Takeover - Hostile

A

A business places a bid to buy another - This company may also try and get a majority of shareholders to agree to the offer

26
Q

Takeover example

A
  • Kraft and Cadbury
  • Kraft bought the company and closed the Bristol factory making 400 redundant
27
Q

Pros of inorganic growth

A
  • Rapid expansion
  • Instant access to sully and distribution networks
28
Q

Disadvantages of inorganic growth

A
  • Businesses that merge may suffer from clashes in corporate culture and a lack of synergy
  • Expensive and can cause diseconomies of scale
29
Q

Financial risks of mergers and takeovers

A
  • Morale may drop if staff can’t deal with the extra work - productivity decreases
  • Quality of the products and services could drop causing a loss of customers
30
Q

Joint venture

A

Commercial enterprise undertaken jointly by two or more parties which otherwise retain their distinct identities e.g. collaboration or project between two companies

31
Q

Spreading risk and joint ventures

A
  • Moving production or sales into another country can be complex and risky for a single business - Might enter a joint venture to share the risk
32
Q

Joint ventures and the Chinese car market

A

Renault - Nissan alliance became the latest car group to create a joint venture to produce electric vehicles - Good way for Nissan to get into the Chinese market

33
Q

Advantages of joint ventures

A
  • Access to knowledge and resources e.g. capital and staff
  • Shared risk and financial responsibility
34
Q

Disadvantages of joint ventures

A
  • Many fail due to the risks involved and the complexity of integrating operations
  • 50% fail
35
Q

Franchising

A

License that a person acquires which allows them to have access to a businesses knowledge, processes and trademarks

36
Q

Cost of a franchise

A
  • Cost of buying the franchise rights at the start
  • Monthly royalty payment to the franchisor
37
Q

Pros of franchising

A
  • Already established brand image - no money needs to be spent on advertising
  • Franchiser doesn’t have to actually run the business
38
Q

Cons of franchising

A
  • Large initial investment
  • Risk the companies overall brand image
  • No creativity for the Franchisee
39
Q

Horizontal integration

A
  • Businesses operating in the same sector ( e.g. Tertiary) merge or takeover another business in the same sector
  • e.g. Just Eat and Hungry house allow customers to order food - CMA allowed this merger in 2018
40
Q

Vertical integration - Forwards

A

Business buys another which takes control of the distribution process e.g. Bread manufacturer buys a bakery chain to sell the bread in

41
Q

Vertical integration - Backwards

A

Business buys another which concerns the inputs of their products or services e.g. Bread manufacturer buys a flour mill to secure supplies of flour

42
Q

SCORE

A
  • Size and Sector
  • Costs involved / competition
  • Objectives / ownership
  • Resources available
  • External factors
43
Q

MNC’s

A
  • Multinational corporations = businesses operate in more than one country but have a headquarters somewhere else e.g. UK or USA
44
Q

Factors influencing attractiveness of international markets

A
  • Larger pop = Larger markets
  • Rising middle classes have more disposable income
  • Level of competition is low
45
Q

Exporting

A

– PROS –
- Low risk and low investment required
– CONS –
- Transport costs can be high
- Trade barriers will damage profits
- Language barriers and lack of knowledge of the local area is reduced

46
Q

Licensing

A
  • Business grants the right for another business to use their IP to produce goods
    – PROS –
  • Gain market share
  • Doesn’t need factory etc to be set up
    – CONS –
  • Issues maintaining quality
  • Lower profit margin
47
Q

Alliances

A
  • Union between businesses e.g. Spotify and Uber
  • Allows both businesses to pursue prospects from the other’s existing customer base whilst continuing to promote both products
48
Q

Direct investment or FDI

A
  • Businesses invest in other businesses or set up production inside a trading bloc to get around tariffs
  • FDI can give a company more consumer income and jobs etc
49
Q

Pros and Cons of direct investment

A

–PROS –
-Allows for fast inorganic growth and entry into new markets
-No need to establish brand in the country
– CONS –
- High cost and high risk
- Cultural differences between merged businesses is the highest reason for failure

50
Q

Big data

A
  • Large amounts of information collected by companies through social media, loyalty cards etc
  • Many companies have huge amounts of structured and unstructured data spread over different systems
51
Q

E-Commerce

A
  • Electronic transaction via the internet
  • Buying and selling of goods using the internet
52
Q

Data mining

A
  • Process of looking at big data and finding patterns and correlations between the data
  • Used for decision making in the business
53
Q

ERP planning

A
  • Enterprise resource planning - enables businesses to mine their big data
54
Q

Value of digital technology

A
  • Reduces time to market for new products and services
  • Improves data handling
  • Optimises use of resources
55
Q

Impact of Technology on HRM

A
  • Opportunity for better communications in recruitment - documents can be stored in portals online
  • Also used for performance reviews etc
56
Q

Impact of technology on finance

A
  • Advanced analytics for finance to speed up decisions
  • Automation to improve finance processes such as payroll
57
Q

Impact of technology on production

A
  • Machines can talk to each other and react to problems quickly = IoT
  • Higher levels of productivity available
58
Q

Impact of technology on marketing

A
  • Half a billion customers watch videos on Facebook daily
  • 5 billion customers have Phones
  • 2 billion customers buy products online
59
Q

What is a tariff

A

Tax payed on imports

60
Q

Who pays tariffs

A

Paid by American companies that import goods from abroad as an example - Expected that Trump’s new tariffs could cost households up to $7600 annually