UNIT 32 QBANK Flashcards

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1
Q

Each of the following activities would require prior written notification by an associated person to the employing broker-dealer except

A) part-time work parking cars on the weekend at a local racetrack.
B) offering to sell a limited partnership interest in an oil and gas drilling program.
C) becoming a limited partner in an oil and gas drilling program.
D) acting as a real estate sales agent, limited to the sales of individual homes only.

A

C) becoming a limited partner in an oil and gas drilling program.

Explanation
Passive investments, such as the purchase of a limited partnership interest, are not considered outside business activity. An associated person may make a passive investment for his own account without providing written notice to the employing broker-dealer.

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2
Q

A municipal finance professional wants to make a political contribution to a candidate for mayor in the town that she resides in. Under the MSRB pay-to-play rule, a contribution to this candidate

A) is prohibited.
B) can be in any amount.
C) cannot exceed $250.
D) cannot exceed $100.

A

C) cannot exceed $250.

Explanation
Contributions of up to $250 per election are permitted to be made by municipal finance professionals (registered persons) eligible to vote for that official.

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3
Q

When is the electronic filing of all information on customer complaints by broker-dealers with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) due?

A) Within 15 days of the end of each calendar year
B) Within 15 days of the end of each calendar quarter
C) Semiannually, in June and December
D) Within 30 calendar days of receipt of the complaint

A

B) Within 15 days of the end of each calendar quarter

Explanation
Broker-dealer firms must electronically report information on all customer complaints to FINRA within 15 days of the end of each calendar quarter. Both these filings and the complaints must be retained by the firm for 4 years.

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4
Q

Any sale of securities outside an associated person’s or the employing member firm’s regular business is recognized as

A) an outside business activity.
B) a private securities transaction.
C) a nonissuer transaction.
D) an unsolicited transaction.

A

B) a private securities transaction.

Explanation
The Conduct Rules define a private securities transaction, also known as selling away, as any sale of securities outside an associated person’s regular business and her employing member.

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5
Q

A mutual fund company may offer noncash compensation to associates of broker-dealer firms in the form of attendance at a meeting or convention, provided that

A) a record of compensation and meeting details is kept by the attendee member’s firm.
B) the meeting is held for the purpose of entertainment only and not for business purpose.
C) attendance is conditional upon agreement to a predetermined sales target.
D) expenses of spouses or other guests of attendees are also met.

A

A) a record of compensation and meeting details is kept by the attendee member’s firm.

Explanation
The firms whose associates attend the meeting must keep records of all noncash compensation and details of what went on at the meeting. Noncash compensation of this type will inevitably be at least indirectly business-related, but must not be conditional upon agreeing to meet some sales goal. Side trips and expenses of guests must be met by those in attendance, not the host of the meeting.

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6
Q

A registered representative has a customer who is interested in using options strategies such as spreads and straddles. The registered representative’s firm does not offer options transactions as part of their existing business model. As such, the registered representative directs the customer to another broker-dealer that allows for option trading. This is

A) an example of placing away.
B) an acceptable practice.
C) a private securities transaction.
D) an example of selling away.

A

B) an acceptable practice.

Explanation
A private securities transaction is any sale of securities outside an associated person’s regular business and his employing member. Private securities transactions are also known as selling away. However, in this example, the representative simply directed the customer to a firm that could handle the customer’s request. As long as the representative recieved no compensation for this activity, the recommendation to go to another firm does not violate any industry regulation.

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7
Q

Regarding registered representatives working from their residence, commonly known as their home office, all of the following would be true except

A) the office is subject to a premise visit by Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) examiners as often as they see fit.
B) home office address and telephone numbers may be used for normal advertising purposes.
C) the office would be subject to a premise visit and review by a principal of the firm.
D) prospects would not be allowed to visit and be on the premises at this location.

A

D) prospects would not be allowed to visit and be on the premises at this location.

Explanation
Registered representatives are allowed to operate out of a home or residence, advertising the address and contact numbers. All normal business activities, including taking customer orders for the purchase and sale of securities, would be permitted. Additionally, it would be subject to a premise visit and review by principals of the firm and FINRA examiners as often as needed.

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8
Q

While an associated person may work for an entity other than the member firm, the employing member firm’s permission is

A) required.
B) not requested.
C) not required.
D) requested.

A

C) not required.

Explanation
If a registered person wants to be employed by or accept compensation from an entity other than the member firm, that person must provide prior written notice to the member. Note that notice must be made, but the employing member’s permission is not being requested nor is it required.

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9
Q

The de minims exemption for MSRB rule G-37 would allow municipal financial professionals to make a contribution to a municipal candidate under certain conditions up to what dollar limit per election?

A) $1,500
B) $250
C) $500
D) $1,000

A

B) $250

Explanation
The limit is $250 per election of candidates that the Municipal Finance Professional could vote for.

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10
Q

If a registered representative is involved in a securities transaction outside the scope of employment with the firm, a practice known as selling away and will receive compensation for it, which of the following must see that the representative is properly supervised for the transaction?

A) The firm where the trade will take place
B) A Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) examiner
C) The employing firm
D) None because there is no supervisory requirement

A

C) The employing firm

Explanation
If a registered representative is to be compensated for a trade done through another firm, the employing firm must run the trade on its own books and see to it that the representative is properly supervised. The firm where the outside trade will take place is, of course, responsible only for the actions of its own registered representatives.

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11
Q

A broker-dealer wants to give an employee of another firm a gift. This is permitted provided all of the following conditions are met except

A) the gift or compensation doesn’t exceed the annual $100 limit.
B) the gift or compensation is not conditional on sales.
C) the gift or compensation has the employing member firm’s prior approval.
D) the gift or compensation is preapproved by the firm’s self-regulatory organization (SRO).

A

D) the gift or compensation is preapproved by the firm’s self-regulatory organization (SRO).

Explanation
Firms may not distribute gifts, gratuities, or compensation to the employees of other member firms unless the compensation is not conditional on sales or promises of sales, it has the employing member’s prior approval, and the compensation’s total value does not exceed the annual limit of $100 per person. Approval of the self-regulatory body the firm reports to is not a requirement or condition.

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12
Q

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) is concerned about potential conflicts of interest in providing incentives or rewards for selling a sponsor’s product. Which of the following situations regarding a product sponsors product training or education for outside RRs would FINRA disallow?

A) Spouses are included in the invitation with travel expenses paid for.
B) Separate outings are planned in conjunction with the training at the expense of the attendees if they wish to participate.
C) A training location is chosen based on its being convenient for attendees to get to and its proximity to the main office.
D) A member firm’s permission for its registered representatives to attend is required.

A

A) Spouses are included in the invitation with travel expenses paid for.

Explanation
FINRA deems payment or reimbursement by sponsors in connection with meetings held to train or educate representatives acceptable as long as certain requirements are met. These would include, but are not limited to, the following: the representative obtains the member firm’s prior permission to attend, the location of the meeting is appropriate to the purpose of the meeting, there is no payment or reimbursement for a guest (e.g., a spouse) of the representative attending the meeting, and there is no payment or reimbursement for certain expenses incurred in connection with meetings, such as golf outings.

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13
Q

To keep up with recent developments in the industry regarding regulatory changes and other requirements imposed by Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), as well as needs identified by the broker-dealer firm, registered persons must fulfill the firm’s

A) yearly sales development (SD) requirement.
B) regulatory development (RD) requirement.
C) requirement to hold yearly meetings of all office personnel.
D) continuing education (CE) requirement.

A

D) continuing education (CE) requirement.

Explanation
Registered persons must undergo regular training in the securities industry. What is known as the regulatory element of this training is determined by FINRA and takes place every three years. What is known as the firm element is determined by the broker-dealer firm and takes place annually. Together, the two elements are said to meet the firm’s continuing education (CE) requirement.

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14
Q

One of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) Conduct Rules is concerned with private securities transactions. Under that rule, it would be correct to state that

I. if the member approves the registered representative participating in a transaction for compensation, it must treat the transaction as if it is being done on its own behalf by entering the transaction on its own books and supervising the associated person during the transaction.
II. as long as no compensation to the registered representative is involved, notification to the member is not required.
III. sale of a securities product to the registered representative’s mother where there is only nominal compensation is not covered under the rule.
IV. if the member disapproves of the registered representative’s participation in a transaction for compensation, the associated person may not participate in it.

A) I and IV
B) III and IV
C) II and III
D) I and II

A

A) I and IV

I. if the member approves the registered representative participating in a transaction for compensation, it must treat the transaction as if it is being done on its own behalf by entering the transaction on its own books and supervising the associated person during the transaction.
IV. if the member disapproves of the registered representative’s participation in a transaction for compensation, the associated person may not participate in it.

Explanation
FINRA divides private securities transactions into two categories. If the associated person will receive compensation, the rules are more comprehensive requiring approval or disapproval. If approved, the firm must record the transaction on its books and records and supervise as if it were executed on behalf of the member firm. Trades with immediate family members are not included if there is no compensation. In other transactions where there is no compensation, written notice to the employer member is still required.

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15
Q

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) rules regarding outside business activity (OBA) require that

A) all activities be coordinated between both employers.
B) approval is gotten from FINRA or another self-regulatory organization (SRO).
C) all passive investments be reported under the rule.
D) prior written notice to the employing firm be provided.

A

D) prior written notice to the employing firm be provided.

Explanation
Under FINRA’s rules regarding outside business activity (OBA), prior written notice to the employing member is required.

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16
Q

Regarding political contributions, limitations are place with the view to

A) allow contributions to be made to any party without any possible loss of business.
B) prohibit advisory services for a fee provided to any government the recipients represent for a period of 10 years after the contribution.
C) permit all contributions be made equally to all participating parties in an election.
D) deter gaining political favor by employing what is commonly known as pay to play.

A

D) deter gaining political favor by employing what is commonly known as pay to play.

Explanation
The rule is designed to deter what is commonly called pay to play. It makes it unlawful for an adviser to receive compensation (fee) for providing advisory services to a government entity for a two-year period after the adviser makes a political contribution to a public official of a government entity.

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17
Q

All of the following statements about a home office are true except

A) the member firm must authorize the representative to open a home office.
B) a home office is subject to a premise visit and review by principals of the firm and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) examiners.
C) home offices are restricted to servicing existing customers only.
D) a home office may be widely advertised as a place of business.

A

C) home offices are restricted to servicing existing customers only.

Explanation
Broker-dealers often allow registered representatives to operate a home office. Approval of the member firm and registration of the location with its self-regulatory organization (SRO) is required as it would be for any office associated with the broker-dealer. All normal business activities including opening new accounts and taking customer orders for the purchase and sale of securities would be permitted. Additionally, the home office address and telephone number may be advertised in any normal manner such as on business cards or through various media venues like newspapers and websites.

18
Q

Should a registered representative enter into a private securities transaction that would entail earning compensation, the employing member will

A) not require any notification because the compensation makes the transaction the responsibility of the accommodating firm.
B) require a compensation split of least 50-50 with the associated person.
C) provide all execution services for the transaction.
D) have the opportunity to approve or disapprove of the associated person’s participation.

A

D) have the opportunity to approve or disapprove of the associated person’s participation.

Explanation
If the private securities transaction involves compensation, the employing member may approve or disapprove the associated person’s participation. While the employing member firm is responsible for all supervision regarding the transaction, it is not obligated and normally is not in a position to provide any services related to accommodating the transaction.

19
Q

The firm element of a broker-dealer’s continuing education (CE) requirement must be undergone by all registered persons who

A) have direct contact with the public.
B) have not had such training in the past six months.
C) have purely clerical duties with the firm.
D) have disciplinary actions pending.

A

A) have direct contact with the public.

Explanation
A broker-dealer’s continuing education (CE) program has a regulatory element and a firm element. The contents of the firm element are determined by the broker-dealer and must be met annually by all registered persons who have direct contact with the public.

20
Q

Gifts and gratuities directed to those who work at another firm may not be made by a member or associated person for amounts greater than

A) $250 per lifetime.
B) $250 per year.
C) $100 per individual per year.
D) $100 per year.

A

C) $100 per individual per year.

Explanation
No member or associated person may give anything of value in excess of $100 per individual per year to any person, principal, employee, or representative of another person where such payment is in relation to the business of the employer of the recipient of the payment or gratuity.

21
Q

If a registered representative is involved in a securities transaction outside the scope of employment with the firm, a practice known as selling away and will receive compensation for it, which of the following must see that the representative is properly supervised for the transaction?

A) None because there is no supervisory requirement
B) A Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) examiner
C) The employing firm
D) The firm where the trade will take place

A

C) The employing firm

Explanation
If a registered representative is to be compensated for a trade done through another firm, the employing firm must run the trade on its own books and see to it that the representative is properly supervised. The firm where the outside trade will take place is, of course, responsible only for the actions of its own registered representatives.

22
Q

Mary Alice McVey, a registered representative with a Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) member broker-dealer, has recently remodeled her home and now has an area with a private entrance that she would like to use instead of commuting each day to her office 20 miles away. Under FINRA rules

A) registered representatives may not operate out of their homes.
B) she would only be permitted to see existing customers at her home.
C) this would be permitted with FINRA’s approval.
D) this would be permitted with FINRA’s approval, but she would have to work at least one day per week in the branch in order to ensure proper supervision.

A

C) this would be permitted with FINRA’s approval.

Explanation
FINRA rules provide for the ability of registered representatives to operate out of their residence in what is known as a home office. Approval from FINRA is required and the same rules that apply to any branch office would apply here.

23
Q

While an associated person may work for an entity other than the member firm, the employing member firm’s permission is

A) required.
B) not requested.
C) requested.
D) not required.

A

D) not required.

Explanation
If a registered person wants to be employed by or accept compensation from an entity other than the member firm, that person must provide prior written notice to the member. Note that notice must be made, but the employing member’s permission is not being requested nor is it required.

24
Q

Associated persons or registered representatives who want to work outside of their existing employment with their current broker-dealer may do so if they provide prior written notice to the member. In which of the following would notice not be required?

A) They will be involved in extensive fundraising activities for a charitable institution.
B) The amount of total compensation expected from the outside employer is less than $7,500 per year.
C) Ownership equaling 5% interest in another financial services company is intended to be made.
D) They intend to serve only in the capacity of a director of another company with no compensation.

A

A) They will be involved in extensive fundraising activities for a charitable institution.

Explanation
If a registered person wants to be employed by or accept compensation from an entity other than the member firm, that person must provide prior written notice to the member. These affiliations would include serving as an officer or director of a company or owning any interest in another financial services company.

25
Q

To keep up with recent developments in the industry regarding regulatory changes and other requirements imposed by Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), as well as needs identified by the broker-dealer firm, registered persons must fulfill the firm’s

A) regulatory development (RD) requirement.
B) continuing education (CE) requirement.
C) requirement to hold yearly meetings of all office personnel.
D) yearly sales development (SD) requirement.

A

B) continuing education (CE) requirement.

Explanation
Registered persons must undergo regular training in the securities industry. What is known as the regulatory element of this training is determined by FINRA and takes place every three years. What is known as the firm element is determined by the broker-dealer firm and takes place annually. Together, the two elements are said to meet the firm’s continuing education (CE) requirement.

26
Q

Each of the following activities would require prior written notification by an associated person to the employing broker-dealer except

A) acting as a real estate sales agent, limited to the sales of individual homes only.
B) becoming a limited partner in an oil and gas drilling program.
C) part-time work parking cars on the weekend at a local racetrack.
D) offering to sell a limited partnership interest in an oil and gas drilling program.

A

B) becoming a limited partner in an oil and gas drilling program.

Explanation
Passive investments, such as the purchase of a limited partnership interest, are not considered outside business activity. An associated person may make a passive investment for his own account without providing written notice to the employing broker-dealer.

27
Q

The rules to prevent pay to play regarding contributions made to political parties, candidates, and elected officials by firms involved in the underwriting or sales of municipal securities are enforced by

A) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
B) Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).
C) Federal Reserve Board (FRB).
D) Municipal Securities Rule Board (MSRB).

A

B) Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).

Explanation
Having no authority to enforce the rules it enacts, the MSRB relies on FINRA to enforce its municipal securities rules. This would include the enforcement of the pay to play or play for pay rules regarding political contributions.

28
Q

A broker-dealer firm managing an initial public offering (IPO) wishes to give a gift to an associated person of one of the selling group members. Which of the following would be an unacceptable gift under the rules?

A) A ticket to a major league ball game to attend with a principal of the broker-dealer
B) A $125 designer edition fountain pen and desk holder
C) A dinner at an expensive restaurant with a representative of the broker-dealer
D) A $150 leather briefcase with the broker-dealer’s name and logo on it

A

B) A $125 designer edition fountain pen and desk holder

Explanation
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) member firms may not give business-related compensation to associated persons of other firms – compensation directly tied to sales or promises of sales – but may give an individual gifts whose value does not exceed $100 in a 12-month period. Tickets to a sporting event or dinner at an expensive restaurant may exceed the $100 limit if it is occasional, someone from the rewarding firm is present, and the employing firm has given its permission. Reminder advertising, items with the broker-dealer’s name and/or logo, may also exceed the $100 limit, within reason, because it has a business purpose.

29
Q

Should a registered representative enter into a private securities transaction that would entail earning compensation, the employing member will

A) not require any notification because the compensation makes the transaction the responsibility of the accommodating firm.
B) have the opportunity to approve or disapprove of the associated person’s participation.
C) provide all execution services for the transaction.
D) require a compensation split of least 50-50 with the associated person.

A

B) have the opportunity to approve or disapprove of the associated person’s participation.

Explanation
If the private securities transaction involves compensation, the employing member may approve or disapprove the associated person’s participation. While the employing member firm is responsible for all supervision regarding the transaction, it is not obligated and normally is not in a position to provide any services related to accommodating the transaction.

30
Q

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) is concerned about potential conflicts of interest in providing incentives or rewards for selling a sponsor’s product. Which of the following situations regarding a product sponsors product training or education for outside RRs would FINRA disallow?

A) A member firm’s permission for its registered representatives to attend is required.
B) Spouses are included in the invitation with travel expenses paid for.
C) Separate outings are planned in conjunction with the training at the expense of the attendees if they wish to participate.
D) A training location is chosen based on its being convenient for attendees to get to and its proximity to the main office.

A

B) Spouses are included in the invitation with travel expenses paid for.

Explanation
FINRA deems payment or reimbursement by sponsors in connection with meetings held to train or educate representatives acceptable as long as certain requirements are met. These would include, but are not limited to, the following: the representative obtains the member firm’s prior permission to attend, the location of the meeting is appropriate to the purpose of the meeting, there is no payment or reimbursement for a guest (e.g., a spouse) of the representative attending the meeting, and there is no payment or reimbursement for certain expenses incurred in connection with meetings, such as golf outings.

31
Q

An associated person is unable to work for any business other than his member firm without having the employing broker-dealer’s

A) permission in writing.
B) assuming liability for that business.
C) authorization by a principal.
D) knowledge of the activity.

A

D) knowledge of the activity.

Explanation
An associated person cannot work for any business (independent activity) other than his member firm without his employing broker-dealer’s knowledge.

32
Q

Any sale of securities outside an associated person’s or the employing member firm’s regular business is recognized as

A) an outside business activity.
B) a private securities transaction.
C) a nonissuer transaction.
D) an unsolicited transaction.

A

B) a private securities transaction.

Explanation
The Conduct Rules define a private securities transaction, also known as selling away, as any sale of securities outside an associated person’s regular business and her employing member.

33
Q

Regarding political contributions, limitations are place with the view to

A) deter gaining political favor by employing what is commonly known as pay to play.
B) permit all contributions be made equally to all participating parties in an election.
C) allow contributions to be made to any party without any possible loss of business.
D) prohibit advisory services for a fee provided to any government the recipients represent for a period of 10 years after the contribution.

A

A) deter gaining political favor by employing what is commonly known as pay to play.

Explanation
The rule is designed to deter what is commonly called pay to play. It makes it unlawful for an adviser to receive compensation (fee) for providing advisory services to a government entity for a two-year period after the adviser makes a political contribution to a public official of a government entity.

34
Q

A registered representative has a customer who is interested in using options strategies such as spreads and straddles. The registered representative’s firm does not offer options transactions as part of their existing business model. As such, the registered representative directs the customer to another broker-dealer that allows for option trading. This is

A) an acceptable practice.
B) an example of placing away.
C) a private securities transaction.
D) an example of selling away.

A

A) an acceptable practice.

Explanation
A private securities transaction is any sale of securities outside an associated person’s regular business and his employing member. Private securities transactions are also known as selling away. However, in this example, the representative simply directed the customer to a firm that could handle the customer’s request. As long as the representative recieved no compensation for this activity, the recommendation to go to another firm does not violate any industry regulation.

35
Q

Noncash compensation exceeding the $100 annual limit to another member firm’s employee is

A) permitted only if it is an ongoing occurrence such as season tickets.
B) never permitted.
C) permitted because it excludes cash.
D) permitted if occasional.

A

D) permitted if occasional.

Explanation
The rules regarding gifts, gratuities, and compensation to another firm’s employees permit occasional noncash expenditures that exceed the $100 limit. These might include dinners, seminars, tickets to entertainment events, or reminder advertising items. However, vacations or season tickets to cultural or sporting events are always violations.

36
Q

A broker-dealer may allow a registered representative to work from home – that is, to have a home office. If this is the case, the registered representative must

A) expect the office to be treated like any branch office.
B) not specify the office as a place of business in advertising.
C) carry out sales presentations in some other location.
D) use the office only to perform clerical functions.

A

A) expect the office to be treated like any branch office.

Explanation
If a registered representative works from home, the office must be subject to site review and visits to the premises by principals of the firm and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) examiners, may be specified in advertising of various kinds as a business office, and function in all ways like any other branch office of the firm.

37
Q

The firm element of a broker-dealer’s continuing education (CE) requirement must be undergone by all registered persons who

A) have not had such training in the past six months.
B) have purely clerical duties with the firm.
C) have direct contact with the public.
D) have disciplinary actions pending.

A

C) have direct contact with the public.

Explanation
A broker-dealer’s continuing education (CE) program has a regulatory element and a firm element. The contents of the firm element are determined by the broker-dealer and must be met annually by all registered persons who have direct contact with the public.

38
Q

Which of the following would be unacceptable reasons for an officer of a member firm to make a contribution to the election campaign of a political candidate?

I. The candidate is a member of the officer’s political party.
II. The candidate has promised to steer business to the officer’s firm.
III. The candidate is a close relative of a potential customer of the firm.
IV. The officer approves of the policies and programs the candidate has proposed.

A) I and IV
B) II and III
C) I and III
D) II and IV

A

B) II and III

II. The candidate has promised to steer business to the officer’s firm.
III. The candidate is a close relative of a potential customer of the firm.

Explanation
Political contributions may never be used to procure or enhance business.

39
Q

In the event that a customer complaint is received it is essential that the appropriate personnel are notified immediately. Which of the following need not be notified or only notified regarding specific scenarios?

A) The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)
B) The branch manager in the location where the account is serviced
C) The principal supervising the registered representative servicing the account
D) The account’s registered representative, if received by someone else

A

A) The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)

Explanation
Whenever a customer complaint is received, it is essential that the proper personnel are notified. Persons who should be notified may include the account’s representative, the account’s principal, the branch manager, or a member of the compliance department. A notice to Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) is required only in regards to certain scenarios, such as allegations of theft, forgery, misappropriation of funds, or securities.

40
Q

A broker-dealer wants to give an employee of another firm a gift. This is permitted provided all of the following conditions are met except

A) the gift or compensation has the employing member firm’s prior approval.
B) the gift or compensation doesn’t exceed the annual $100 limit.
C) the gift or compensation is preapproved by the firm’s self-regulatory organization (SRO).
D) the gift or compensation is not conditional on sales.

A

C) the gift or compensation is preapproved by the firm’s self-regulatory organization (SRO).

Explanation
Firms may not distribute gifts, gratuities, or compensation to the employees of other member firms unless the compensation is not conditional on sales or promises of sales, it has the employing member’s prior approval, and the compensation’s total value does not exceed the annual limit of $100 per person. Approval of the self-regulatory body the firm reports to is not a requirement or condition.