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Physics Edexcel IGCSE updated-2023 > Unit 3 - Waves > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Waves Flashcards

1
Q

what is a wave

A

the transfer of energy and information but not matter in the form of vibrations

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2
Q

what are transverse waves

A

a wave where the vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

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3
Q

what are longitudinal waves

A

a wave where the vibrations are parallel to the direction of wave travel

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4
Q

name any 2 transverse waves

A

light (including the electromagnetic spectrum), ripples on water

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5
Q

name any longitudinal wave

A

sound wave

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6
Q

define amplitude

A

maximum displacement of a material

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7
Q

define wave front

A

a line where all the water affected by a wave rises or falls together

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8
Q

define frequency

A

number of oscillations per unit time (Hz)

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9
Q

define wavelength

A

distance between 2 consecutive points on a wave (m)

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10
Q

define periodic times

A

the time for one complete oscillation, T

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11
Q

formulae for wave speed

A

wave speed = frequency x wavelength
v = f.λ

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12
Q

formulae for frequency

A

frequency = 1 / time period
f = 1 / T

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13
Q

doopler effect -
if a source of sound is getting closer observed frequency will be ——— and wavelength will be ———

A

if a source of sound is getting closer observed frequency will be higher and wavelength will be lower

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14
Q

doopler effect -
if a source of sound is getting further observed frequency will be ——— and wavelength will be ———

A

if a source of sound is getting further observed frequency will be lower and wavelength will be higher

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15
Q

the faster the source is moving , the (bigger / smaller ) the change in frequency

A

bigger

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16
Q

the frequency remains constant even if the wave changes medium. True or false

A

True

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17
Q

the wave speed never changes unless medium changes . True or False

A

True

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18
Q

What if wave changes medium ?
if the object is **more dense ** ,
longitudinal waves will ————- speed

A

increase

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19
Q

What if wave changes medium ?
if the object is **more dense ** ,
transverse waves will ————- speed

A

decrease

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20
Q

extra information - what are electromagnetic waves

A

a combination of electric and magnetic feild

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21
Q

state some properties of electromagnetic waves

A
  • they have the same speed in free space/vacuum
  • they can travel in vacuum
  • they are all transverse
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22
Q

Name the waves of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of increasing frequency and decreasing wave length.

A

Gamma
Xray
Ultraviolet
Visible light
Infrared
Microwave
Radio wave

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23
Q

Name the colors of visible light in terms of

A

VIBGYOR
Violet
Indigo
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red

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24
Q

State the use of the electromagnetic wave -
radio wave

A
  • communication
  • broadcasting
25
Q

State the use of the electromagnetic wave -
microwave

A
  • cooking
  • satellite transmissions
26
Q

State the use of the electromagnetic wave -
infrared wave

A
  • heaters
  • night vision equipment
27
Q

State the use of the electromagnetic wave -
visible light

A
  • optical fibers
  • photography
28
Q

State the use of the electromagnetic wave -
ultraviolet wave

A

fluorescent lamps

29
Q

State the use of the electromagnetic wave -
x ray wave

A
  • medical applications , observing internal structure
30
Q

state the use of the electromagnetic wave - gamma ray

A
  • sterilizing food and medical equipment
  • kill cancerous cell
31
Q

state the effects of excessive exposure to microwaves

A

internal heating of body tissues

32
Q

state the effects of exposure of infrared rays

A

skin burns

33
Q

state the effects of exposure of ultraviolet rays

A

damage to surface cells and blindness

34
Q

state the effects of exposure of gamma rays

A

cell mutation
cancer

35
Q

etxra - what do you mean by excessive exposure

A

exposure can mean exposure to high intensity/amplitude or exposure for a long time

36
Q

state the law of reflection

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection
i = r

37
Q

what do you understand by refraction

A

change in direction , ‘bending’ happens when wave changes medium

38
Q

when a wave goes to a denser medium , wave become (toward/away) from the normal

A

toward

39
Q

when a wave goes to a less dense medium , wave become (toward/away) from the normal

A

away

40
Q

extra - what do you mean by refractive index

A

the ratio of speed of light in air to the speed of light in a material . it has no units

41
Q

refractive index is always greater than 1 . True or False

A

True

42
Q

formulae to find refractive index

A

speed of light in vaccum / speed of light in medium

43
Q

formulae to find refractive index

A

sin i / sin r

44
Q

define critical angle

A

learn any 1 form these 2
- a critical angle of a material is the maximum angle of incidence for which there is any refraction above this value light will be relected within the material
- when light moves to a less dense medium, critical angle is the angle of incidence that results in an angle of refraction=90°

45
Q

formulae to find refractive index

A

1/sin c

46
Q

define total internal reflection

A

when light comes from a more dense medium with an angle greater than the critical angle , all the light will reflect back , reflection is inside the material

47
Q

state some uses of total internal relfection

A

-endoscopes
-optical fibers for communication
optical fibers in decorative lamps
- in safety reflector

48
Q

extra how do optical fibres work

A

they transfer data in the form of light theough series of total internal reflection

49
Q

range of human audible sound

A

20 to 20,000 Hz

50
Q

range for ultrasounds

A

above 20,000 Hz

51
Q

what will increase if the frequency increase

A

pitch

52
Q

what will increase if the amplitude increases

A

loudness

53
Q

extra- what is echo location

A

calculating the distance by detecting the time it takes for a wave to reflect from a barier

divide time by 2

54
Q

describe how the student could use the oscilloscope and microphone to determine the frequency of a sound

A

1) connect microphone to the oscilloscope
2) adjust the oscilloscope to give a minimum of one complete oscillation on the screen
3) measure the number of squares for a complete wave and multiply by time base
4) f = 1/T

55
Q

what does an oscilloscope do

A

a device that will represent longitudinal waves as transverse waves.

56
Q

wavelength is longer in (more dense / less dense ) medium

A

more dense

57
Q

state the name of the process that seperates the colors in white light

A

dispersion of light

58
Q

state the property of the glass of the prism that causes white light to be split into the different colors of the spectrum

A

transparent denser medium causes refraction of colors with different angles

59
Q

state two uses of optical fibres

A
  • to carry telephone signals
  • for medical imaging
  • specified lighting

Physics Edexcel IGCSE updated-2023 (10 decks)

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