unit 3 vocab

Question 1

Constitutional protections against infringement by the government.

Answer 1

civil liberties

Question 2

Policies that protect people from arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by the government; ensures equal protection of the laws.

Answer 2

civil rights

Question 3

14th amendment clause that protects individuals from infringements by the government and has been used to incorporate civil liberties to the states.

Answer 3

due process clause

Question 4

14th amendment clause that declares states cannot unreasonably discriminate against individuals; has been used to incorporate civil rights.

Answer 4

equal protection clause

Question 5

The process of gradually applying the Bill of Rights to the states.

Answer 5

selective incorporation

Question 6

Censorship of a publication before it is printed; typically not allowed under the law.

Answer 6

prior restraint

Question 7

This standard, set forth in Schenck v. U.S., declares that speech is not covered by the 1st amendment if it poses a public threat.

Answer 7

clear and present danger test

Question 8

Written expression that is both false and malicious.

Answer 8

libel

Question 9

Spoken expression that is both false and malicious.

Answer 9

slander

Question 10

Expressing a political message through an action.

Answer 10

symbolic speech

Question 11

First Amendment requirement that allows people to practice whatever religion they choose.

Answer 11

free exercise clause

Question 12

First amendment provision that declares the government may not declare a national religion or give preference to one religion over another.

Answer 12

establishment clause

Question 13

Policy that police officers must inform all suspects of their rights before questioning.

Answer 13

miranda rule

Question 14

This standard states that evidence gained without a proper warrant may not be used in a criminal trial.

Answer 14

exclusionary rule

Question 15

This provision states that an individual may not be tried for the same crime twice.

Answer 15

double jeopardy

Question 16

A court order signed by a judge that authorizes law enforcement to conduct a search of a person, property, or location.

Answer 16

search warrant

Question 17

Reasonable foundation for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion.

Answer 17

probable cause

Question 18

Doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson that
segregated facilities may be established for different races and still be considered equal.

Answer 18

seperate but equal doctrine

Question 19

Racial segregation enforced by law.

Answer 19

de jure segregation

Question 20

Racial segregation that occurs not as a result of the law, but as a result of residential patterns and customs.

Answer 20

de facto segregation

Question 21

Opposing a law considered unjust by peacefully disregarding it and accepting the resulting punishment.

Answer 21

civil disobedience

Question 22

Positive steps taken by the government to increase minority participation in some institutions by appointing or giving preference to more minority-group members.

Answer 22

affirmative action

Question 23

Law that prohibited segregation in public accommodations and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.

Answer 23

civil rights act of 1964

Question 24

Law that aimed to limit voting barriers for African Americans, most notably the use of discriminatory literacy tests.

Answer 24

voting right act of 1965

Question 25

Law that was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibited sex-based discrimination in any educational program or activity receiving federal funding.

Answer 25

title ix

Question 26

This constitutional provision protects an individual’s right to free speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition.

Answer 26

1st amendment

Question 27

This constitutional provision protects an individual’s right to bear arms.

Answer 27

2nd amendment

Question 28

This constitutional provision protects an individual’s right against unreasonable searches and seizures.

Answer 28

4th amendment

Question 29

This constitutional provision protects individuals from incriminating themselves or facing double jeopardy, among other protections regarding legal proceedings.

Answer 29

5th amendment

Question 30

This constitutional provision guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial, the right to counsel, and the right to confront and present witnesses, among other legal protections.

Answer 30

6th amendment

Question 31

This constitutional provision protects an individual from cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail or fines.

Answer 31

8th amendment

Question 32

This constitutional provision provides a guarantee of citizenship, as well as equal protection and due process, which have been the sources of incorporation for key protections in the Bill of Rights.

Answer 32

14th amendment