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EU HISTORY > Unit 3. The transition from Universal model to State model and its consequences: from 1648 to 1776” > Flashcards

Unit 3. The transition from Universal model to State model and its consequences: from 1648 to 1776” Flashcards

1
Q

493-526

A

Reign of Theodoric the Great. Peak of the Ostrogoths’ presence in
Italy.

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2
Q

527-565

A

Justinian

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3
Q

552

A

The Byzantines occupy Italy following a devastating war against the
Ostrogoths

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4
Q

568

A

The Lombards, led by Alboin, invade Italy.

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5
Q

572

A

The Byzantines lose control of northern Italy (Lombardy), where
the Lombards found a kingdom with its capital at Pavia.

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6
Q

590-604

A

The Pontificate of Gregory I.

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7
Q

653

A

Byzantine Emperor Constans II orders the arrest of Pope Martin I, who dies in
exile

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8
Q

681

A

Emperor Constantine IV condemns Monothelitism (3rd council
of Constantinople, Sixth Ecumenical) in order to reconcile with Rome.

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9
Q

695

A

An anti-Byzantine rebellion breaks out in Ravenna.

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10
Q

715-731

A

Pontificate of Gregory II, who condemns the iconoclasts and confronts
Emperor Leo III the Isaurian and all Byzantium

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11
Q

732

A

Charles Martel defeats the Muslims at Poitiers and wields de facto power
in the kingdom of the Franks

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12
Q

741-752

A

The papacy of Zacharias, who signs a truce with the Lombard king
Liutprand

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13
Q

751

A

Pope Zacharias authorizes St. Boniface to crown Pepin the Short (Charles Martel’s
son) as the King of the Franks at Soissons, which means dethroning Childeric III,
the last Merovingian king.

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14
Q

754

A

Promissio carisiaca. Under this treaty Pope Stephen II commits to anointing Pepin
the Short as the king of the Franks and “Patrician of the Romans.” The Frankish
monarch recognizes the Pope’s territorial domain over the Duchy of Rome,
Exarchate and Pentapolis – the legal/territorial title making possible the emergence
of the Papal States

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15
Q

774

A

Charlemagne (son of Pepin the Short), King of the Franks since 768, after defeating
the Lombard king Desiderius and occupying Pavia, is acknowledged as King of the
Lombards. The Kingdom of Italy appears.

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16
Q

800, December 24

A

Charlemagne is crowned emperor by Pope Leo III

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17
Q

814-840

A

After Charlemagne’s death he is succeeded by his son Louis the Pious.

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18
Q

841, June 25

A

The Battle of Fontenoy in Puisaye. The defeat of Lothair, the eldest son of
Louis the Pious, by his brothers Charles and Louis.

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19
Q

843

A

Treaty of Verdun. The Empire of Charlemagne is divided.

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20
Q

875

A

Charles the Bald is crowned emperor by Pope John VIII in exchange for
relinquishing imperial authority over Rome and part of southern Italy, in favor of the
papacy.

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21
Q

911

A

Conrad I is elected the first king of Germany.

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22
Q

923

A

Dethronement of the Carolingian king Charles the Simple by Hugo the Great.

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23
Q

962

A

Otto I, Duke of Saxony, is crowned Emperor. He is the founder of the German
Holy Roman Empire (1st Reich), which would last until 1806.

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24
Q

987-996

A

Hugh Capet succeeds in leaving his throne to his son. Consolidation of the
hereditary dynasty in the Kingdom of the Franks and separation from of the Empire.

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25
Q

1054, July 16

A

The Eastern Schism. Michael Cerularius and Pope Leo IX excommunicate
each other. Separation of the Orthodox and Roman Churches.

26
Q

1075

A

Gregory VII (1073-1085) promulgates the Dictatus Papae, 27 statements in which he
asserts the pope’s supremacy over secular authorities. This document was not
published in the German Holy Roman Empire, in the Iberian kingdoms, or in
England.

27
Q

1077

A

Henry IV humbles himself before Gregory VII at Canossa.

28
Q

1083

A

Emperor Henry IV conquers Rome.

29
Q

1093

A

Pope Urban II retakes Rome.

30
Q

1096-1099

A

First Crusade

31
Q

1122

A

Concordat of Worms. End of the Investiture Controversy.

32
Q

1155-1190

A

Reign of Frederick I Barbarossa.

33
Q

1198-1216

A

Papacy of Innocent III, the chief exponent of papal theocracy.

34
Q

1220-1250

A

Reign of Frederick II Hohenstaufen.

35
Q

1291-1293

A

Reign of Rudolph I of Habsburg.

36
Q

1274

A

Death of Thomas Aquinas (b. 1224)

37
Q

1303, September 7

A

The attack at Anagni. Philip IV of France’s troops
seize Pope Boniface VII.

38
Q

1309-1377

A

The Avignon Papacy. The popes reside outside Rome, in Avignon.

39
Q

1378-1417

A

The Western Schism. Multiple popes vie for St. Peter’s throne.

40
Q

1519

A

Charles V is elected Emperor.

41
Q

1521

A

Diet of Worms. Luther explains the principles of the “Reformation” to Charles V.

42
Q

1527, May 6

A

The troops of Charles V, sharply at odds with Clement VII, occupy and sack
Rome (Sacco di Roma). The popes will never again meddle in civil political affairs.

43
Q

1529

A

Diet of Spires. The Lutheran princes “protest” against Charles V’s request for them
to submit to the Pope’s authority. They come to call themselves “Protestants.”

44
Q

1534

A

Henry VIII breaks with Rome when Clement VII refuses to annul his marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Ferdinand and Isabella’s daughter). The king declares himself
the head of the Church of England (Act of Supremacy). The Anglican Church is born.

45
Q

1540, September 27

A

Pope Paul III accepts the creation of the Society of Jesus, founded by
Ignatius of Loyola. The Jesuits become Catholicism’s quintessential advocates and
defenders.

46
Q

1545

A

The Council of Trent begins. It would not close until 1563 (Counterreformation).

47
Q

1555

A

Peace of Augsburg. Each German prince may profess the religion he desires and has
the right to impose it upon his subjects (cuis regio eius religio).

48
Q

1572, August 24

A

Massacre of Protestants in Paris (St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre). The
most dramatic episode of France’s Wars of Religion (1562-1598).

49
Q

1618-1648

A

Thirty Years War. At its close Europe is divided into Catholic and Protestant
kingdoms.

50
Q

1790, July 12

A

Civil constitution of the clergy. The French revolutionaries seek to convert
the Catholic priests into government officials of the new French state, prompting a
break with Rome.

51
Q

1793, October

A

Publication of the French revolutionary calendar, with no reference to the
traditional church calendar (Gregorian).

52
Q

1794, June 8

A

Robespierre celebrates the Festival of the Supreme Being.

53
Q

1801

A

Napoleon signs a Concordat with the Pope and reconciles with French
Catholics.

54
Q

1804, December 2

A

Napoleon is crowned Emperor of the French in the presence of Pope
Pius VII in the Cathedral of Notre Dame (Paris).

55
Q

1806

A

Francis of Austria abolishes the German Holy Roman Empire.

56
Q

1852-1870

A

Second French Empire (Napoleon III).

57
Q

1870, September 20

A

Rome becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, after its military
occupation. After the demise of the Papal States, dating back to 754, Pope Pius IX
describes himself as a prisoner of the Italian State.

58
Q

1871-1918

A

2nd German Reich.

59
Q

1905

A

French Law of separation of the Church and the State (Loi de separation des Églises et de
l’État)

60
Q

1929, February 11

A

Lateran Pacts. Mussolini and Pius XI agree to the founding of the
Vatican State.

61
Q

1933-1945

A

Hitler’s 3rd Reich.

EU HISTORY (5 decks)

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