Unit 2. The origin of European States Flashcards
966
**First regency **in European History
Ramiro III inherit the throne of the Spanish Kingdom of Leon being minor
978
Appears the word princeps to designate the heir of the throne.
The first in the line of succession.
Ramiro III of León designates his uncle Virmundus as his successor naming him “princeps” (Virmundus Serenissimus Princeps). The monarchy of Leon becomes hereditary
1188
Cortes of León. For the first time the citizens are convened in a Kings assembly with the nobles and the bishops.
The Cortes represent the realm.
1151
Death of Abbot Suger of Saint Denis
First intellectual to distinguished for the first time, between the crown as a concept and the king as a person, a historian who described feudal soicety as a pyramid at whose apex stood the king of France, whose suzerainty prevailed over that of all other lords.
1166
Assize of Clarendom.** Henry II of England** transforms procedure and the Court system all over his kingdom.
He took the initiative of forming the legal system of “Common Law” (because it was the same for the whole kingdom) through the creation of royal courts and important legislative reforms.
1215
Magna Charta is imposed by the barons to the king of England John Lackand
1223
Death of Philip II Augustus, the first to be referred as “Rex Franciae”, instead of “Rex Francorum”, the traditional title.
French monarchy becomes “territorial”.
1265
For the first time ordinary citizens are convened into a Parliament’s meeting with nobles and bishops by the English nobleman Simon of Monfort in open rebellion against the king. Edward I would consolidate the principle.
1270
Death of Louis IX of France, Saint Louis.
Inspired by the Roman concept of imperium, his jurists contended for the first time that the King of France prevailed over all lords because he was “sovereign”.
1284
Death of Alfonso X the Wise (king of Castile since 1252)
He is the first king that creates law in Europe without the acceptance of the States Assemblies (Cortes). On the basis of the Roman and canon law traditions studied at European universities, he creates complex legal texts such as the Fuero Real (Royal Law), El Espéculo, and, best known of all, Las Partidas.
1302
First meeting of the French Estates General, convened by **Philip IV the Fair **as the representation of the realm, who asks for aid to fight against the pope.
1307
Death of Edward I of England (king from 1272), called the English Justinian, as he was a great legislator.
1348
Alfonso XI of Castile in the Cortes of Alcala enhances royal authority by giving preeminence to Royal acts over Local customs and creating the figure of a permanent representative of the king in Castilian towns: the “Corregidor”. (Ordinance of Alcalá).
1390
Death of John I, king of Castile since 1379, the first king in European history to affirm he rules based on his absolute royal power.
1513
First edition of Machiavelli’s book The Prince
1521
At the battle of Villalar Charles I (1517-1559) defeats the Army of Castillian cities (Comunidades) consolidating absolute power of the king in Castile.
1547
Death of Henry VIII, King of England since 1509. A king that controlled Parliament, used prerogative courts and governed with his privy council.
1576
First edition of Jean Bodin’s work The Six Books of the Commonwealth, advancing the idea of sovereignty.
1598
Death of Philip II, king of Spain since 1556. He was the most powerful monarch of his time.
1603
Death of Elizabeth I Queen of England since 1558, who was a monarch as strong as his father Henry VIII.
1624
Cardinal Richelieu becomes Chief Minister to Louis XIII.
He will consolidate the Royal Power in France.
1649
Beheading of Charles I of England by order of Cromwell
1651
First edition of Thomas Hobbes book The Leviathan
A theoretical justification of Absolute Monarchy
1661
Louis XIV of France comes of age. Until his death in 1715 he will be the parangon of Absolute ruler
