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AP Biology > Unit 3 - The Cell (part 2) > Flashcards

Unit 3 - The Cell (part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

plastids

  • amyloplasts
  • chromoplasts
A
  • store starch in root

- store pigments for fruits and flowers

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2
Q

who invented microscopes?

A

Robert Hooke

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

centrioles

A

where spindle fibers/ microtubuoles origionate

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4
Q
  • microtubules

- microfilaments

A
  • thickest fibers, move chromosomes

- thinest fibers, move actin and moves the cell inwards in cell dvision

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5
Q

cell walls

  • made of
  • secondary cell wall
  • holes
A

protect cell, maintain shape, prevent excessive uptake of water

  • cellulose, microfibrils
  • makes it extra strong
  • has small holes so somethings can enter the cell
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6
Q

Intracellular junctions

  • tight junctions
  • desmosones
  • gap junctions
A

Only in cells that are close together

  • membranes fuse and form continuous flow of cytoplasm. helps stop leakage
  • fasten cells together
  • channels between adjacent cells so cytoplasm can move freely
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7
Q

sodium potasium pump

A

aka cotransporter

  • moves sodium & potasium back and forth against their concentration gradients
  • uses energy (ATP)
  • 2 K enter cell and 3 Na are pushed out
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8
Q

Neurons

  • charge
  • potassium + sodium
A
  • (+) outside, (-) inside
  • sodium (Na) outside, potassium (K) inside
  • many passive K+ channels, few sodium
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9
Q

Action potential

-process

A

an electrical signal used to communicate from neuron to neuron

  • when voltage in terminal becomes (+) channels open up which allows calcium in. Calcium frees vesicles containing neurotransmitters. These bond with chemically gated sodium ion channels
  • allows RUSH of sodium into cell
  • makes cell more positive and when it reaches threshold voltage gated channels are also opened allowing even more sodium in
  • at max potassium gates open and potassium floods and the cell tries to reach resting potential again
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10
Q

osmosis in cells

  • animal
  • plants
A
  • hypertonic: shirveled
    isotonic: normal
    hypotonic: lysed - burst
  • hypertonic: shriveled
    isotonic: flacid (bad)
    hypo: normal (turgid)
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11
Q

cholesterol in membrane

  • warm temps
  • cold temps
A
  • restrains movement & increases fluidity

- prevents tight packing, increases fluidity

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12
Q

Ion channels

  • passive
  • active
    • voltage gates
    • chemical gates
A
  • control movement of ions across membrane. always open
  • have gates that can open and close
    • a certain charge will open them
    • presence of a chemical will open them
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13
Q

depolarization

A

inside the cell becomes more positive

before action potential

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14
Q

repolarization

A

inside becomes negative again after action potential

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15
Q

where is action potential created

A

axon hillock

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16
Q

integral proteins

A

penetrate membrane

  • hydrophobic where they contact phospholipids
  • hydrophilic where they contact aqueous areas
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17
Q

what passes the membrane?

A

lipids, lipid soluble, O2, small molecules, nonpolar

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18
Q

what doesn’t pass the membrane?

A

ions, glucose, polar, hydrophillic

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19
Q

LABELED NEURON CARD

A

look at it rn

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20
Q

dendrites

A

receives signal

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21
Q

axon

A

sends signal

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22
Q

Schwann cells

  • myelin sheets
  • nodes
A
  • one cell wrapped around an axon

- space between myelin sheets

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23
Q

facilitated diffusion

-protein used

A

moving impermeable things across the membrane through SPECIFIC proteins (passive transport)
-transport proteins

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24
Q

Diffusion

  • concentration gradient
  • passive transport
A
  • tendency of molecules to spread into available space
  • molecules move from areas of high concentration (of their own molecule) to areas of less concentration, regardless of other molecules
  • requires no energy
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25
Q

peripheral proteins

A

not embedded in lipid bilayer

loosely bound to the surface of the protein

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26
Q

plasma membrane

  • components
  • sugar on outside
  • movement of phospholipids
A

selectively permeable (some things can pass)

  • lipids (phospholipids), proteins, carbohydrates
  • helps cells recognize each other
  • lateral, no flip-flopping
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27
Q

Osmosis

  • hypertonic
  • hypotonic
  • isotonic
A

diffusion of water to areas of high [ ] of solute

  • high [ ] solute
  • low [ ] solute
  • = [ ] solute
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28
Q

aquaporins

A

transport proteins of water for mass diffusion

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29
Q

signal recognition particle (SRP)

A

binds to signal peptide & attaches it and its ribosome to a receptor protein in the ER

30
Q

Vacuoles

  • food vacuole
  • contractile vacuoles
  • central vacuoles
A

membrane bound sacks

  • from phagocytosis, fuses with lysosome
  • pump excess water out of cell
  • in plants, stockpiles proteins, inorganic ions etc.
31
Q

lysosomes

-phagocytosis

A

sack of hydrolytic enzymes that digest proteins taken in the cell through endocytosis – including harmful ones
-when food into is brought into the cell in a membrane

32
Q

smooth ER

A

creates lipids, helps in metabolization of glucose

33
Q

rough ER

A

synthesizes proteins inside membranes

34
Q

cytoskeleton

-uses

A

network of fibers that extend through cytoplasm

-support and maintain shape

35
Q

endocytosis

A

cells take things IN

36
Q

nucleus

  • membrane
  • chromatin
A
  • double membrane, allows for pores so RNA can leave

- DNA and associated proteins before separation

37
Q

ribosome

  • components
  • use
  • free vs. bound
A
  • large and small subunit (protein), rRNA
  • to synthesize protein from mRNA
  • in cytoplasm vs. in ER
38
Q

prokaryotes

A

small, single celled, no nucleus

39
Q

eukaryotes

A

multi celled, has nucleus

40
Q

(transmission) electron microscope

A

object must be dead

3D perspective

41
Q

light microscopes

A

visible light passes through the specimen
lens refracts light
views living things
can not see organelles

42
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

study surface and structures

43
Q

plasmodesmata

A

holes that allow cysotol to pass between plant cells

44
Q

ECM/ extra cellular matrix

-made of

A

in animals, make area between cells strong
can attach to membrane of cells
-collagen fibers

45
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

46
Q

histone proteins

A

(+) amino acids bind to (-) DNA
dna wrapps over and over around them to get coiled
-chromatid

47
Q

chromosome

A

2 sister chromatids held together by centromere

made of chromatin

48
Q

Interphase

A

-cell grows
-copies DNA
-prepares for division
-G1: growth
-S: DNA copied
G2: preparation

49
Q

order of phases

A 
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
50
Q

prophase

A
  • chromosomes tightly coiled
  • nuclei disappear
  • mitotic spindle begins to form
51
Q

prometaphase

A
  • nuclear envelope fragments

- microtubules from spindle interact with chromosomes at kinetechores

52
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibers push chomosomes to METAPHASE PLATE - middle

53
Q

anaphase

A
  • centromeres divide, sisters separated

- pulled to poles of the cell

54
Q

telophase

A
  • cell elongates
  • 2 nuclei start forming
  • unpacking
55
Q

human cells and chromosome #

  • somatic cells
  • gametes
A
  • body cells - 46 chromosomes

- sperm and eggs - 23 chromosomes

56
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication

57
Q

aneuploidy

A

common in caner cells

- 3 chromatids instead of 2

58
Q

how does the cell enter mitosis?

A
  • chemicals in cell start it
  • low [ ] before cell is ready and high [ ] as it starts mitosis
  • called cyclin
  • they activate kinase which is always present
  • starts mitosis then cyclin is destroyed (making the MDF inactive)
59
Q

cell division factors

A
  • density (inhibition if surround by many cells)
  • anchorage (cells only grow when anchored to extra cellular matrix)
  • sometimes PDF (platelet derived growth factor) is necessary for __fibrolests__ to divide
60
Q

reception - ligand

A

molecule which binds to receptor (specific)

-changes shape change in lower region of receptor (in cell)

61
Q

signal transduction pathway

-amplification

A

series of steps by which a signal on a cells surface is converted into a cellular response
- 1 molecule can trigger an enzyme which makes many products which will trigger many enzymes and make even more products

62
Q

phosphorylation

A

addition of a phosphate group

63
Q

secondary mesengers

A

small, non-protein, water soluble molecules and ions that spread throughout the cell, participate in path ways
ex. cyclic AMP, Ca

64
Q

G protein and cell reproduction

A
  • shape change in G protein when ligand binds to receptor
  • frees alpha subunit which moves laterally and makes adenylyl cyclase active
  • with addition of ATP, cyclin AMP is made
  • it binds with kinase…
65
Q

transcription factor

A

final activated molecule in signaling pathway

66
Q

scaffolding molecule

A

1 molecule which can release multiple kinases when altered by addition of secondary messengers

67
Q

apoptosis

-caspases

A

programmed or controlled death of a cell
components of cell chopped and packages into vesicles that are digested by white blood cells
-enzymes that cut up proteins

68
Q

termination of signal

A

when ligand [ ] goes down less receptors are bound and revert to inactive state

69
Q

extrinsic apoptosis

A

signal sent to cell (ligand) telling it to die

70
Q

intrinsic apoptosis

A

cell decides to die (cell stress or DNA damage)

AP Biology (4 decks)

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