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AP Biology > Unit 1 - Ecology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • circadian
  • circannual
  • lunar
A
  • daily
  • yearly
  • changing moon
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2
Q

Taxis Oriental Movement

A

automatic movement towards or away from a certain sitmulus

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3
Q

Estivation v. Hibernation

A

Estivation: inactive state resembling deep sleep, protects animals living in hot summer areas from heat and dryness

Hibernation: Animals breathing and heart rate slows and they drop body temp, stop eating and exercizing to save energy in winter

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4
Q

Diurnal

A

active in the day time

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5
Q

Agnostic behavior

A

contest involving threats between animals, tests to see which one would win a real fight without doing harm

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6
Q

Tundra

A
  • northeastern limit of plant growth
  • treeless + high altitude
  • permafrost 1 meter below ground
    - prevents root and plant growth
  • windy/cold = short growing season
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7
Q

Deciduous Forests

A
  • Dense trees
  • cold winters and hot summers
  • leaves die in winter
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8
Q

epiphytes

A

plants that live on other plants

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9
Q

neritic zone

A

shallow regions over the continental shelf

-coral reefs

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10
Q

FRESH WATER BIOMES

  • littoral zone
  • limnetic zone
  • profundal zone
A
  • shallow close to shore
  • open surface of water
  • deep aphotic regions
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11
Q

oligotrophic

A
  • deep
  • nutrient poor
  • little life
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12
Q

coeveolution

A

reciprocal evolutionary adaptions of 2 interacting species

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13
Q

kinesis

A

change in activity in response to a stimulus

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14
Q

coniferous Forest / Boreal / Taiga

A
  • very big
  • many trees
  • dryer
    • trees adapter by having needles
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15
Q

cognition

A

process of knowing, includes awareness, reasoning, recollection and judgement

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16
Q

operent conditioning

A

an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a rewards / punishment

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17
Q

associative learning

A

associate 1 feature of their environment with another

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18
Q

classical conditioning

A

a learning process that occurs when 2 stimuli are simultaneously paired

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19
Q

fixed action pattern

A

a sequence of behavioral arts that are unchangable and carried to completion once initiated
-triggered by external sensory called SIGN STIMULUS

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20
Q

Foraging behavior

A

food-obtaining behavior

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21
Q

optimal foraging model

A

views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition & costs of gaining food

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22
Q

imprinting

A

learned behavior during a certain period based on experiences

ex. young animals learn to follow parents
ex. salmon imprint on chemicals in the stream they were born and can trace them

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23
Q

habituation

A

loss of response to an important stimuli

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24
Q

spatial learning

A

knowing spaces around to find things

ex. remembering where the path to your nest is

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25
Q
  • promiscuous

- monogamous

A
  • no strong pair-bonds

- 1 male + 1 female

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26
Q

polygamous

  • polyandry
  • polygyny
A

an individual of 1 sex mates with several individuals of the other sex

  • 1 female many males
  • 1 male many females
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27
Q

phermones

A

chemicals used to communicate

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28
Q

altruistic behavior

A

puts another organisms well being over self interest

ex. infertile workers work on behalf of fertile queen bee

29
Q

rain shadow

A

rains on one side of a hill/ mountain and is dry on the other
ex. its hot in the central valley which causes water to evaporate and create fog in other areas

30
Q

why are lakes sensitive to seasons?

A

in the winter the water cools and the 4º water sinks to bottom (most dense at 4º) and frozen water rises
in spring and fall everything is the same temp and the water circulates

31
Q

shrublands / chaparral

A

grows on poor soil with wind and slopes

  • not good enough soil for trees
  • adapted to fire
32
Q

grasslands

A

good for agriculture

  • excellent soil
  • grazing animals
33
Q

savannas / oak woodland

A

transitional biome

  • grassland with scattered trees
  • wet season + dry season
34
Q
  • arctic tundra

- alpine tundra

A
  • Alaska

- very high mountain tops

35
Q

deserts

A
  • low rain fall/ hot
  • sparse vegetation
  • nocturnal animals
  • uniform pattern of dispersion b/c competition for water
36
Q

tropical forests

A
  • layered vegetation
  • close to equator
  • lots of animals
  • rapid decomposition
37
Q
  • phytoplankton

- zooplankton

A
  • so many, responsible for much of the O2 production
  • smallest simplest plant life
  • eaten by zoolpankton (animals)
38
Q

photic zone

A

light can penetrate

photosynthesis can occur

39
Q

upwelling

A

cooler, nutrient rich water, towards surface

40
Q

oceanic zone

A

past the continental shelves, can be deep

41
Q

pelagic zone

A

open water

42
Q

benthic zone (benthos)

A

sea floor

-detritus

43
Q

wetlands

A

areas covered with water

-supports many types of plants

44
Q

estuaries

A

where fresh and salt water meet

45
Q

intertidal zone

A

land meets water

-covered and uncovered throughout day

46
Q

eutrophic

A

shallow

high in nutrients

47
Q

mesotrophic

A

moderate nutrients

moderate phytoplankton activity

48
Q

prokaryotes

A

single celled organisms

49
Q

archea

A

prokaryotes that inhabit extreme environments

50
Q

auto-inducer

A

a chemical that when sensed by an organism makes it do something

51
Q

quorum-sensing

A

a process utilized by bacteria where they all release auto inducers and when enough bacteria are present they can sense the auto inducers and they all complete an action to make it more powerful

52
Q

indirect indicators of population size

A

nests, burrows, tracks, poop

53
Q

demography

A

study of factors that affect the growth and decline of a population

54
Q

type 1 curve

A

low death rate early

55
Q

type 2 curve

A

equal chance of death throughout life

56
Q

type 3 curve

A

many organisms die young, but those that live live for a while

57
Q

equation for population size

A

change in number / change in time = B-D

change in size / change in time = births - deaths

58
Q

r - select

A

a population that grows and crashes and can never reach carrying capacity
ex. 50% of the population dies every winter

59
Q

density dependent factors

A
  • territoriality
  • predation
  • competition
  • waste accumulation
  • disease
60
Q

density independent factors

A
  • freeze
  • seasons
  • fire
  • storms
61
Q

allee affect

A

large size is beneficial
ex. protection while huddeling in group
takes 2 wolves to kill/ corner 1 deer
darkness of tadpooles makes the water warmer

62
Q

aposematic coloration

A

warning colors and markings

63
Q

what are the trophic levels?

A
  • quaternary consumers = carnivore
  • tritary consumers = carnivore
  • secondary consumer = carnivores
  • primary consumers = herbivores
  • primary producers = autotrophs
64
Q

batesian mimicry

A

1 harmless species mimics a harmful one

65
Q

müllerran mimicry

A

2+ harmful species mimic each other to “reinforce the point”

66
Q

1st step in primary succession

A

nutrients in rock and water let algae grow, bird dropping adds nutrients then fungus + algae = lichen
lichen grows and dies… eventually becomes soil for moss which out competes the lichen

67
Q

comensalism

A

relationship that is positive for one organism, neutral for the other

68
Q

why is intermediate disturbance good?

A

wipes out some competition and allows other species to grow back

69
Q

mark recapture

A

n = number marked * total 2nd catch
—————————————————-
number of recaptured

AP Biology (4 decks)

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