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AP Biology > Unit 2 - BioChem > Flashcards

Unit 2 - BioChem Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing of valence electrons

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2
Q

molecule

A

2+ atoms held together by a covalent bond

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3
Q

compounds

A

covalent bonds between 2+ different elements

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4
Q

electronegativity

A

the attraction of an atom for the for the electrons of a covalent bond

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5
Q

non polar covalent bond

A

the electrons are shared evenly

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6
Q

ionic bond

A

the attraction for the electron is so unequal between the elements that the atom is stripped away
-formed between a cation and an anion

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7
Q
  • cations

- anions

A
  • positive charged ion

- negatively charged ion

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8
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak bond formed by a hydrogen already in a polar covalent bond with another highly electronegative atom
O in H2O is more electronegative and therefore has a partial charge

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9
Q

van der Waals forces

A

non polar molecule

randomly all the electrons move to one side and give it momentary charges on opposite sides

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10
Q

substrate

A

reacant

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11
Q

most important elements in life

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
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12
Q

trace elements

A

elements required by an organism but only in minute quantities

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13
Q

atomic number

A

of protons or electrons

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14
Q

atomic mass

A

of protons + # of neutrons

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15
Q

isotopes

A

same element with different # of neutrons

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16
Q

acid

A

substance that increases the H ion concentration in a solution

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17
Q

base

A

reduces H ion concentration
OH- bonds with a H+ and therefore reduces H+ concentration
alkaline - 14 on pH scale

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18
Q

buffers

A

resist changes in pH

weak acid and its corresponding base

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19
Q

cohesion

A

water held together by H bonds
important in transport of water against gravity
ex. water evaporates out a leaf and pulls water from the roots up

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20
Q

adhesion

A

clinging of water to a different substance

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21
Q

specific heat

A

the amount of heat needed for 1g of the substance to rise 1ºC

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22
Q

evaporization

A

transformation from liquid to gas

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23
Q

evaporative cooling

A

the surface of a molecule is left cold because the warm water evaporates (why sweating makes you cool)

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24
Q

solvent

A

dissolving agent

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25
Q

solute

A

substance being disolved in

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26
Q

hydrogen shell

A

each dissolved ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

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27
Q

functional groups

A

attachments that replace 1 or more hydrogen atoms in the carbon skeleton

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28
Q

go read functional groups flashcards

A

RN

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29
Q

aldelhyde

A

carbonyl group is at end of carbon skeleton

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30
Q

ketone

A

carbonyl group is in the middle of the skeleton

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31
Q

why are carbon atoms so versatile?

A

make 4 covalent bonds

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32
Q

hydrocarbons

A

molecules only consisting of carbons and hydrogens

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33
Q

isomers

A

molecules with same molecular formula but different structures

34
Q

structural isomers

A

same molecular formula but different covalent arrangement of atoms

35
Q

geometris isomers

A

same covalent arrangement but different spacial arrangment

36
Q

cis

trans

A

both geometric isomers
same side of C chain
opposite side

37
Q

enantiomers

A

molecules that are mirror images of eachother

38
Q

carbohydrates

A

simple sugars and polymers

39
Q

what do nucleotides consist of?

A

nitrogen base, pentose sugar, 3 phosphate groups

40
Q

monosaccharides

  • components
  • ending
  • classified by…
  • use
A

simple sugars

  • carboxyl group & hydroxyl groups
  • ose
  • # of carbons in backbone
  • fuel
41
Q

4 major macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

42
Q

bond that links monomers to become polymers

A

covalent

43
Q

condensation / dehydration synthesis reaction

-enzyme used

A

uses energy to attach new monomer to chain by taking away hydroxyl group from 1 monomer and H from the other to make H2O
-polymerase

44
Q

hydrolysis

-enzyme used

A

breaks bonds holding monomers together (H2O required)

-hydralase

45
Q

use in transporting monomers through cell membrane

A

enzyme through hydrolysis breaks into monomers which can enter the cell
inside the cell dehydration reactions create polymers

46
Q

alpha v. beta hydroxyl groups

A

alpha is a downwards bond

beta is upwards (difficult to hydrolyse)

47
Q

sucrase
lactase
maltase

A

enzymes that speed up the hydrolysis of

sucrose, lactose and maltose

48
Q

chitin

A

used in exoskeletons of arthopods

49
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic (non polar covalent bonds)

50
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

no double C-C bonds (H @ every possible position)

51
Q

unsaturated

A

double C=C bond that causes a kink

52
Q

fat

-use

A

LIPID - oils are unsaturated and liquid
fat is solid and saturated because takes more heat (nrg) to break them down
-stores energy, cushions vital organs

53
Q

phospholipids

  • hydrophobic
  • hydrophilic
A

2 fatty acids attacked to a glycerol and a phosphate group at the 3rd position

  • head (phosphate has - charge)
  • tail
54
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

head on outside and tails on inside

-barrier between cell and external environment

55
Q

proteins

A

made from 20 different monomers (amino acids)

polypeptide

56
Q

amino acid

-peptide bond

A

4 components attached to a central C

  • R group (specific to the amino acid)
  • H atom
  • carboxyl group - CHO2
  • amino group NH2
  • dehydration reaction removes hydroxyl group and hydrogen
57
Q

x-ray crystallography

A

used to determine protein conformation

58
Q

anti parallel strands

A

the 2 DNA strands are parallel but go in different directions

59
Q

polysaccharides

-function

A

energy storage and building material for the cell

-hydrolyze and break off sugar as needed

60
Q

starch

-glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide composed of only glucose monomers (alpha)
-animal starch

61
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide with alternating alpha beta, making it strong and hard to break

62
Q

fatty acid

-triglyceride

A

carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton

- 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol

63
Q

proteins levels of structure

  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quaternary
A
  • sequence of amino acids
  • shapes of single strands (coils and folds)
  • shape changes based on interactions between R groups
  • 2+ strands making shapes
64
Q

purines v. pyrimidines

-who bonds with who

A

Purines - 2 rings: A&G
Pyrimidines - 1 ring: C & t & U
-A with T
-G with C

65
Q

carbohydrates

-produced how

A

source of energy. polymers and simple sugars

-photosynthesis

66
Q

metabolism

A

the total of an organisms chemical reactions

67
Q

catabolic pathways

A

release energy by breaking down molecules

68
Q

anabolic pathways

A

use energy to make complex molecules

69
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformations

70
Q

entropy

A

measures disorder and randomness

71
Q

exergonic rxn

A

net release of free enegry

72
Q

endergonic rxn

A

absorbs free enegry

73
Q

catalyst

A

changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the rxn

74
Q

cofactors

A

non protein helpers required by enzymes

75
Q

coenzymes

A

organic cofactors

ex. vitamins

76
Q

inhibitors

A

prevent enzymes from catalyzing rxns

77
Q

competitive inhibition

A

inhibitor binds to active site so substrate can’t

78
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

inhibitor binds somewhere other than active site causing it to change shape and become inactive

79
Q

allosteric site

A

not active site

molecules binding here change the shape of the enzyme - either make it work or not

80
Q

activators

A

stabilize the conformation

81
Q

feedback inhibition

A

pathway is turned on or off by presence of product or substrate

AP Biology (4 decks)

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