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Gr. 12 ap bio > Unit 3 - Test > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work

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2
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy due to movement

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy

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4
Q

Chemical potential energy is ______

A

Stored up in the bonds of a molecule

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5
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Total amount of energy in universe is constant (cannot be created or destroyed)

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6
Q

How to find amount of energy in bond?

A

Break bond (bond energy measured in kJ/mol)

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7
Q

The ___ the bond energy, the more _______ the bond

A

The greater the bond energy, the more chemically stable the bond

Bond stability not related to chemical reactivity

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8
Q

Exothermic reactions

Endothermic reactions

A

Released

BreakingForming

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9
Q

The molecule with the highest level of energy is

A

Transition state

Between reactants and products

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10
Q

Energy transfer in a cell depends on

A

Bond energy

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11
Q

Energy which is useful

A

Gibbs free energy

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12
Q

Gibbs free energy (G)

Formula and neg/pos

A

Delta G = Gproducts - Greactants

  • delta G -> spontaneous (respiration, bc less molecules -> more molecules)
    (Exergonic)

+ delta G -> reactions that require energy (photosynthesis)
(Endergonic)

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13
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

The universe is becoming more disordered (entropy - measure of disorder)

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14
Q

Equilibrium

Delta G value

A

Equilibrium reactions convert back and forth with minimal energy

Delta G = 0

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15
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule

(transfer of energy, carried out by kinase)

  • delta G (spontaneous)
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16
Q

Redox

A

Reduction-oxidation reaction

Reactions involving electron transfer

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17
Q

Reduction

Oxidation

Reducing agent

Oxidizing agent

A

LEO the lion says GER

Reduction - an atom gains electrons

Oxidation - an atom loses electrons

Reducing agent - loses electrons and causes other substance to be reduced

Oxidizing agent - gains electrons and causes other substance to be oxidized

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18
Q

Goals of cellular respiration (3)

A
  1. Break 6 carbon glucose down and release 6 molecules of CO2
  2. Move glucose electrons to O2 and combine with H+ions to form 6 molecules of H2O
  3. Collect energy in the form of ATP
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19
Q

Four major stages and locations

A
  1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm
  2. Oxidative carboxylation - mitochondrial matrix
  3. Kerbs cycle - mitochondrial matrix
  4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (oxidative phosphorylation / OXPHOS) - inner mitochondrial membrane
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20
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaking down glucose (6 C) into 2 pyruvate (3 C)

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21
Q

Investment phase

A

Energy (ATP) used to split the molecule (steps 1-5)

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22
Q

Pay-off phase

A 
Energy molecules (ATP and NADH) are produced 
(steps 6-10)
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23
Q

NAD+

NADH

A

NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form)

NADH - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduces form)

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24
Q

NADH -(oxidation)-> NAD+ + ____

A

2e- + H+

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25
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)

Location & explain

A
  • glycolysis and Krebs cycle
  • direct ATP formation through phosphate transfer from a molecule to ADP
  • electron transport chain
  • indirect ATP formation through redox reactions w O2 as final electron acceptor
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26
Q

Glycolysis Summary

A
  1. Glucose -> 2 pyruvate
  2. Net 2 ATP are produced (2 used 4 made)
  3. 2 NADH produced
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27
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Generation of glucose from pyruvate

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28
Q

Aerobic metabolism

What relies on O2

A

NADH and pyruvate will continue through Krebs cycle and the ETC to synthesize ATP only with O2

Without O2, cells need to make as much energy as possible w glycolysis

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29
Q

Anaerobic metabolism types (2)

A

Lactic acidosis fermentation (humans)

Alcohol fermentation (yeast)

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30
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Lactic dehydrogenase:

Pyruvate -> lactic acid (lactate, 3 C)
(Turns back when there’s O2)

NADH -> NAD+

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31
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Pyruvate -(decarboxylated)-> acetaldehyde
(CO2 is released)

Alcohol dehydrogenase:
Acetaldehyde -> ethanol
NADH->NAD+

(Doesn’t turn back bc loss of CO2)

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32
Q

Oxidative decarboxylation

Rxn type
Enzyme
Energy

A

Decarboxylation
Redox
Synthesis

Decarboxylase
Dehydrogenase
Synthase

Released

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33
Q

Coenzyme A

Important functional group

A

also written as CoA-SH

Thiol

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34
Q

Oxidative Decarboxylation Summary

A
  1. 2 pyruvate -> 2 acetyl-CoA
  2. 2 CO2 released
  3. 2 NADH produced
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35
Q

Krebs cycle overview

Aka?

A

Cyclical process to:

  1. Produce CO2 molecules
  2. Generate NADH, FADH2, ATP

Aka: citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)

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36
Q

FAD/FADH2

A

FAD - flavin adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form)

FADH2 - flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced form)

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37
Q

Krebs cycle summary

A 
1. Two cycles of Krebs for each glucose
(Per cycle):
2. Acetyl-CoA -> oxaloacetate 
3. 2 CO2 produced
4. 3 NADH produced
5. 1 FADH2 produced
6. 1 ATP produced
38
Q

Where are the matrix, inner mitochondrial membrane, outer mitochondrial membrane, and intermembranous space?

A

Check diagram

39
Q

ETC

A

Electron Transport Chain

40
Q

The ETC removes energy in NADH and FADH2 to:

What type of rxn

A
  1. Make proton gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane
  2. Convert O2 to H2O

ALL redox

41
Q

Is the [H+] in intermembrane space more acidic or less acidic?

Is the [H+] in mitochondrial matrix more acidic or less acidic?

A

More acidic

Less acidic (on bottom where ATP is made)

42
Q

Where are all the integral proteins

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

43
Q

What’s the order of the ETC components (NADH & FADH2)

A

NADH:
Complex I, Q, complex III,cyt c (peripheral), complex IV, ATP synthase
(3 proton pumps)

FADH2:
Complex II, Q, complex III, cyt c, complex IV, ATP synthase
(2 proton pumps)

44
Q

Complex I

A

2 e- from NADH transferred here

Protons pumped across IMM

45
Q

Q

A

e- from complex I transferred here

Mobile within IMM (still integral)

46
Q

Complex III

A

e- from Q transferred here

Protons pumped across IMM

47
Q

Cyt C

A

Peripheral

Mobile component on surface of IMM in intermembrane space

48
Q

Complex IV

A

e- from cyt c transferred here

Protons pumped across IMM

49
Q

O2

A

Final electron acceptor of ETC

Produces H2O molecules because enough e- pass through ETC to do so

NADH - electron donor
FADH2 - electron donor

50
Q

NADH ->

FADH2 ->

A

NAD+

FAD

51
Q

Complex II

A

2 e- from FADH2 to complex II

No protons are pumped across IMM

e- goes from complex II to Q and the rest of the ETC

52
Q

ETC thermodynamics

A

Each electron transfer is energetically favourable

  • delta G, spontaneous

(H2O is lower in energy than O2)

53
Q

ETC summary

A
  1. NADH e- transferred to O2; three proton pumps
  2. FADH2 e- transferred to O2; two proton pumps
  3. Electrochemical proton gradient formed across IMM (charge and conc diff - matrix is less positively charged)
54
Q

Proton motive force

A

Chemiosmosis

electrochemical gradient sets up for chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis occurs through enzyme complex ATP synthase (oxidative phosphorylation)

55
Q

ATP Synthase Complex

A

Two components:

  1. F0 - proton channel / rotor imbedded in IMM
  2. F1 - catalytic site that phosphorylate ADP to ATP
56
Q

ATP Production

A

Oxidative phosphorylation - ATP produced as protons go through ATP synthase using H+ gradient from ETC

1 NADH -> 3 ATP (3 proton pumps)
1 FADH2 -> 2 ATP (2 proton pumps)

ETC is coupled with ATP synthesis
ATP synthesis is dependent on ETC

57
Q

Glycolysis NADH

A

Must be transported from cytoplasm into mitochondrion to enter ETC

Two shuttle mechanisms:

  1. Glycerol phosphate shuttle
    NADH e- to FADH2 e-
  2. Malate-aspartate shuttle
    NADH e- to NADH e-

(depending on the shuttle mechanism, 4-6 ATP is produced from glycolysis NADH)

58
Q

ATP Production Summary

A

Glycolysis:
2 ATP
2 NADH (4-6 ATP)

Oxidative Decarboxylation:
2 NADH

Krebs Cycle:
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

TOTAL: 36-38 ATP

59
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Creating using light

CO2 + H2O -light-> O2 + C6H12O6

Only chloroplast organelles and special bacteria have necessary proteins for photosynthesis

60
Q

What are the two major processes for photosynthesis

A
  1. Light reactions
    - using light energy to make ATP
  2. Calvin cycle
    - using CO2 an H2O to make C6H12O6
61
Q

Chloroplast:

Where are the outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, granum, lumen, thylakoid

A

Check diagram

62
Q

Steps of light reactions (3)

A
  1. Photoexcitation
    - absorption of light photons
  2. Electron transport
    - similar to ETC in mitochondria
  3. Photophosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
    - ATP synthesis due to electrochemical gradient
63
Q

Photoexcitation

A

e- gains energy when atoms absorb energy

e- fall back to ground state if it isn’t transferred to another molecule

64
Q

Ground state

A

The lowest energy level

65
Q

Common light absorbing pigment

A

Chlorophyll - groups of light absorbing molecules in green plants (absorbs blue light the best)

(Hydrophobic tail, anchored to membrane)

66
Q

Another light absorbing pigment

A

Carotenoids - other pigment molecules that can collect light energy (carrots)

67
Q

Photosystem structure

A
  • Chlorophyll and other light absorbing pigments
  • in the thylakoid
  • make a photosystem protein

• reaction centre - the chlorophyll a molecule (light is focused here in a photosystem)

68
Q

Purposes of photosystems

A
  1. Collect as much light energy as possible

2. Excited chlorophyll a and transfer its electron to an electron acceptor, and through proteins (electron transport)

69
Q

Electron transport

A

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane

Two mechanisms:

  1. Non-cyclic electron flow
  2. Cyclic electron flow
70
Q

Order for non-cyclic electron flow thylakoid membrane proteins?

A

PSII, Pq, cytochrome complex, Pc, PSI, Fd, NADP+ reductase, ATP synthase

71
Q

PSII

A 
Photosystem II (PS II) aka P680
(Max absorp at 680nm)

2 e- from H2O transferred here

light energy is needed to make O2 (excites electrons)

Protons are released into lumen (NOT pumped!)

72
Q

Pq

A

Plastiquinone (Pq)

e- from PSII transferred here (only when PSII collects enough energy!)

Mobile within the thylakoid membrane (integral)

73
Q

Cytochrome complex

A

e- from Pq to cytochrome complex

Protons pumped from stroma to lumen across thylakoid membrane

74
Q

Pc

A

Plastocyanin (Pc)

e- from cytochrome complex transferred here

Mobile component on thylakoid surface in lumen (peripheral)

75
Q

PSI

A

Photosystem I (PSI) aka P700

e- from Pc transferred here

(excites electrons)

76
Q

Fd

A

Ferrodoxin (Fd)

e- from PSI transferred here (only when PSI has collected enough energy)

Mobile on thylakoid surface in stroma

77
Q

NADP+ reductase

A

e- transferred from Fd to here

Final electron acceptor is NADP+ which is reduced to NADPH

78
Q

NADP+

NADPH

A

oxidized

reduced

79
Q

ATP synthase(thylakoid)

A

Protons pumped into lumen pass through ATP synthase

ATP produced in stroma

Photophosphorylation (light-dependent formation of ATP by chemiosmosis)

80
Q

Non-cyclic electron transfer summary

A
  1. H2O is split to produce O2 (released from cell) and H+ ions (releases into lumen)
  2. Enzyme complexes pump proton from stroma to lumen
  3. NADP+ is final electron acceptor and produces NADPH
  4. Chemiosmosis to synthesize ATP
81
Q

Cyclic electron transfer summary

A
  1. Only PSI
  2. Fd returns e- to cytochrome complex
  3. Protons pumped into lumen to make more ATP (chemiosmosis)
  4. No NADPH produced
82
Q

Calvin cycle overview

A

A cyclical process which:

  1. Fixes carbon (make C-C bonds)
  2. Utilizes energy molecules
  3. Regenerates molecules for another cycle
  • occurs in stroma
  • not as linear as Krebs
83
Q

Carbon fixation

A
  1. Three CO2 (1 carbon) are attached to three 1,5-ribulose bisphosphate (5 carbon)
  2. Three 6-carbon molecules are split into six 3-carbon molecules

(Uses rubisco)

84
Q

Rubisco

A
  • large, slow reacting enzyme

* plants need a lot of rubisco for Calvin cycle (half the protein in leaf, most abundant protein on earth)

85
Q

Energy utilization

A

ATP phosphorylates each 3-carbon molecule

NADPH used to make G3P

86
Q

Regenerate molecules

A
  1. 5 G3P and ATP to resynthesize 1,5-ribulose bisphosphate
  2. 1 G3P used in another pathway

• 2 calvin cycles for 1 glucose

87
Q

Calvin cycle overview

A
  1. 6 CO2 molecules are fixed to make one glucose
  2. ATP & NADPH molecules used
  3. e- from H2O transferred through light reactions
88
Q

Factors affecting photosynthesis overview

A
  1. Light intensity, [CO2], and temperature
  2. C3 plant limitations
  3. C4 plants
  4. CAM plants
89
Q

Photosynthesis rate factors

A
  1. Increased [CO2]
    = increased photosynthesis
  2. Increased temp
    = increased photosynthesis
  3. Increased light intensity
    = increased photosynthesis
    (Up to a plateau bc Calvin cycle cannot keep up with light reactions)
90
Q

C3 plant limitations

A

Stomata are open during day and closed at night

When hot, plants close stomata and increase [O2] in cells

At high [O2], rubisco binds to O2 rather than CO2 in photorespiration that causes the plant to SKIP Calvin cycle -> glucose NOT produced

91
Q

C4 plant adaptations

A

C4 plants have:
• mesophyll cell
• bundle-sheath cell

  1. Mesophyll cells create 4-carbon molecules and release CO2 into bundle-sheath cells
  2. Bundle-sheath cells only perform Calvin cycle

When hot, C4 cells provide enough CO2 to ensure rubisco does not bind to O2

92
Q

CAM plant adaptations

A

Stomata are closed in the day and open at night

  1. CO2 collected & used at night
  2. CO2 released during daytime where ATP & NADPH is made to allow Calvin cycle to occur

Gr. 12 ap bio (8 decks)

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