Unit 3 Test Flashcards
“Henri le Grand”
Henry IV. Politique who led France out of the French religious war. Tried for peace, built roads, lowered taxes. Assassinated. Son is
Marie de Medici
wife of Henry IV. Regent during Louis XIII life.
Louis XIII
Was son of Henry IV and Marie de Medici. He wasn’t interested in ruling and Marie de Medici and mainly Cardinal Richelieu run it instead.
Cardinal Richelieu
Was Louis III’s chief minister. He allowed monarchy to maintain power.
Intendants
Commissioners for France’s 32 districts. They enforced central authority from Paris to other smaller parliaments.
Cardinal Mazarin
Minister during Louis XIV’s reign.
The Fronde
Series of civil wars in France. It was violent uprisings by the nobles against the power of the monarchy.
parlements
Law court staffed by nobles that could register or refuse to register a king’s edict
divine right
God put you on the throne and that’s all you have to answer to.
Sun King
title given to Louis XIV. He thinks he is the light and everyone else is the planets.
Versailles
Built so that Louis XIV could get the government out of Paris and mobs and into the countryside where Louis XIV could keep an eye on the nobles.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Brought mercantilism to the French economy. Colbert was the financial adviser. They established colonies.
Louis Joliet
Explored the origins of the Mississippi river.
Jacques Marquette
Mapped the northern portion of the Mississippi river.
Louisiana
French explorers founded a territory and named it after King Louis.
Charles II
Spanish king that died without an heir and named Louis XIV heir to Spain causing the War of the Spanish Succession.
Philip IV
Philip the Fair who was Louis XIV’s grandson. He inherited Spain.
Morisco
Former Muslims who converted to Christianity after Spain outlawed other religions.
Main political goals and achievements of Cardinal Richelieu
Absolute monarchy
Mercantilism
Export more than you import. Nation based. Try to use national resources from your home country.
Louis XIV Foreign Policy
You don’t go on vast campaigns of conquest because you leave your supply area. Don’t raid and pillage. Limit your armies, outmaneuver your opponent.
Ferdinand II
Hapsburg. Reduced the power of Bohemian estates. Serfdom got worse.
Ferdinand III
Hapsburg. Centralized government in German speaking provinces. Had a strong army. Recovered Hungary from the Ottomans.
What deal existed between the monarchies and nobilities in Eastern Europe in the early modern era?
Monarchs can be absolute if they let nobles keep their serfs.
Basic socio-economic differences between Eastern and Western Europe in the early modern era.
Eastern: Noble landowners, serfdom, sells goods to the west, uncivilized warfare
Western: Civilized warfare, mercantilism, less serfs
Austrias new focus as a result of the 30 years war
Instead of expanding, unite the territory they have and create a powerful nation.
Three main geographic parts of “House of Austria”
Bohemia, Hungary (Magyars), Austria
Hohenzollern
Family that ruled the Prussian empire.
Brandenburg
German state that begins Prussia.
Elector
Prince or archbishop chosen to pick the Holy Roman Emperor.
junkers
nobility/landowning classes in Brandenburg/Prussia
Frederick III
Son of Frederick William. When he is made King of Prussia by Holy Roman Emperor for his help in Spanish Succession, his name changes to Frederick William I.
Frederick William
Known as the “Great Elector”. He unified three provinces.
Frederick William I
Second king of Prussia, son of Frederick I. He transformed Prussia into a militaristic society.
Frederick II
“Enlightened despot” Challenges Austria for German domination.
Three disconnected masses of Prussia.
Brandenburg, Various Western territories, Pomerenia
When did Prussia gain the territory of “Slavic Pomerania”?
The first partition of Poland, 1772
How did Frederick William I transform Prussian politics and culture?
He eliminated parliamentary estates and local self governments.
He established Prussian Absolutism.
He created one of the best armies in Europe.
He fostered economic developments and an honest bureaucracy.
Structure of Prussian militaristic society.
All Prussian men underwent military training. Junkers were leaders in the army and were in charge of peasants. The workers supplied the army.
War of Devolution
French attempt to gain the Spanish Netherlands and were blocked by the Dutch, English, and Swedish. (*Balance-of-Power” that emerges to check Louis XIV’s aggression. Also a standard diplomatic strategy in modern European history).
When was “Balance-of-Power” used?
War of Devolution
Dutch War
France again tries to expand into the Netherlands. William III of Orange allied with Austrian and Spanish Hapsburg, Brandenburg, and Denmark. Results in the Treaty of Nimwegen- France gives up Dutch ambitions in exchange for Franche-Comte from the Hapsburgs.
Balance of Power
you can’t have one powerful state running everything. weaker nations ally so it doesn’t make sense for other nations to attack them.
War of the League of Augsburg sides:
Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Sweden, Netherlands, England
vs.
France
War of the League of Augsburg
France invaded regions of Alsace and Lorraine. The Hapsburgs allied with William III of Orange to form the League of Augsburg.
Results of League of Augsburg
The Peace of Ryswick which left matters much as they were before the war.
War of Spanish Succession sides
England, Netherlands, Savoy, Holy Roman Empire, Brandenburg
vs.
France, Spain, Bolvaria
War of Spanish Succession
Charles II was the last surviving member of the Spanish Hapsburgs line. Louis XIV (france) and Leopold I (austria) compete to see who will get Spain. Agreements were made to split the inheritance but when Charles II died, his will suggests that Louis XIV’s grandson gets Spain. Europe saw this as a threat to the balance of power in France’s favor and unite against Louis XIV through William III of Orange.
Results of War of Spanish Succession
Peace of Utrecht
Peace of Utrecht
Britain gets tons of territory
Savoy becomes Kingdom of Sardinia
Brandenburg becomes Kingdom of Prussia
Austrian Hapsburgs get territory and Spanish Netherlands
Spain holds American territories
Grandson of Louis XIV confirmed as king of Spain
After Spanish Succession, who are the competing global powers
Britain and France
Mongols
Group of nomadic tribes from Mongolia
Slavic
Eastern Europe language group
Ivan III
the “Great Prince” who broke Russia free from the Mongols.
boyars
high ranking nobles in Moscow
tsar (czar)
leaders of Russia
Cossacks
East-Slavic speaking people who lived in Russia.
Time of Troubles
Time period in Russia in which the Romanov family is decided as the next ruling family of Russia.
Michael Romanov
Ended rebellions in Russia.
Stenka Razin
Caused huge rebellions in Russia
Siberia
Russia gained this territory from Poland and used it as a place to put prisoners. Their expansion into Siberia paralleled the Western powers’ exploration and conquest of the Atlantic world.
Charles XII
Swedish king who fought with Peter the Great of Russia.
Peter the Great
Czar of Russia who westernized Russia and built a huge army.
Great Northern War
Sweden vs. Russia, Russia won
Is Russia western or eastern European?
Neither.
Russia has evolved into a large,
multi-ethnic empire.
What was the essence of Peter the Great’s tour in Western Europe?
To spy on the nations and learn how he can beat them in war.
Peter the Great’s main goal in the war with Sweden
Access to the Baltic sea, westward expansion
How did Peter the Great afford labor for the modernization of Russian military and society?
He taxed the nobles and made all his serfs work on his command. But they could rise in ranks through experience.
Serfdom during Peter the Great’s reign
They had almost no rights
Paradox concerning Peter the Great’s Russia
He may have thought he was modernizing Russia but it was only for the rich nobles. The reality of it was the 95% of the population was being put into worse circumstances.
Russian leaders - starting with Mongols to first Romanov
Mongols Ivan III -Drove out the mongols Ivan IV (First czar)(Ivan the Terrible) Time of Troubles -(Succession dispute) Michael Romanov-First of Romanov dynasty
In the 17th century, Russia was considered..
A relic of the Dark Ages
At first, who does Peter share the crown with?
Sofia Romanov
What area of Russia fascinated Peter due to it’s modern style?
German Suburbs
Peter fought a war with who for a port in the Black Sea?
The Tartars
Why was there no navy before Peter?
Moscow is far from any coasts.
What king of England invited Peter to come
William III
What king did Peter battle for a part of the Baltic Sea?
Charles XII of Sweden
What became the “window of the West” for Peter?
St. Petersburg
What did the Church bells being melted symbolize for Russia and Peter?
He chose secularization over religion
How did peter ensure there would be enough supplies for the city?
He banned stone houses from being built anywhere else in Russia.
What tactic did Peter use to defeat the Swedes in 1708?
The Scorched Earth Tactic where he destroyed everything in their path so they couldn’t raid towns for supplies.
Peters son
Alexis, he was tried for treason and executed
What caused Peter’s death
Jumping overship and saving a crew member. Ironic because the one selfless thing he does kills him.
constitutionalism
government where power is limited by the law.
Elizabeth I
personal power in England, had no heir
James I
succeeded Elizabeth I, thought his rule was divine. First Stuart to rule England. Jamestown, Bible, Shakespeare
Charles I
Son of James I, also thought his ruling was divine, dismissed the parliament and ruled without them until he wanted them to help invade Scotland. When they refused to help, he made an army of nobles.
Puritans
Wanted none of Roman Catholic traditions. They run the government after the English Civil War. When monarch is reinstated they mostly all go to America.
Long Parliament
1640-1660 parliament
New Model Army
Parliament’s army in England - militia of London and county squires
Petition of Right (4)
Challenge authority of Charles I.
- no imprisonment w/o just cause (today, due process)
- no loans of taxes w/o parliament
- no housing of soldiers in private homes (colonies)
- no martial law in peacetime
* which means no suspending #1-3 unless crisis
Result of Charles I calling Parliament in 1640 to request a war with Calvinist Scotland
Parliament instead tries to limit his power.
What does Charles I do to start the English Civil War?
Send troops to Parliament to arrest his opposition.
Two sides of Civil War
Royalists/Cavaliers Leader: Charles I Support: The king and absolute monarchy vs Leader: Oliver Cromwell Support: The parliament and republican government Round heads/Puritans
Who wins the Civil War?
the Parliamentary forces
Oliver Cromwell
Puritan who led the New Model Army. When they won he stayed- not as a monarch but took over as a sort of dictator.
Thomas Hobbes
wrote Leviathan, philospher
Leviathan
Wrote that absolute monarchy was good
Protectorate
Republican government where Cromwell ran the military
Instrument of Government
Puts power in “Lord protector” - Oliver Cromwell
Lord Protector
heads of state in parliament
Restoration (in England)
When Cromwell died and his son (Richard) became Lord Protector, they didn’t like him and put the monarchy back in power.
Charles II of England
Was put back on the throne after Cromwell’s son didn’t work out.
Who called Parliament together to suggest monarchy again?
Army general George Monck.
What three things changed during Charles II of England’s rule?
Drama, religious question, and habeas corpus.
Why did drama become popular?
In result of the end of protestant rule.
What Charles II wanted for religion
He wanted some toleration for Catholic power so he could appoint his friends to positions of power.
What parliament granted Charles II for religion
They don’t let him do that but instead pass the Test Act.
Test Act
Everyone in the English government must be Anglican.
Habeas Corpus
Parliament passes a law that states the limitations of monarchs. We now call them “due Process”
To succeed the throne after Charles II was…
James II, his brother
Two sides for if James II should get the throne
Whigs
Supported: An alternative to James II (liberal)
Tories:
Supported: The traditional line of succession. (conservatives)
*both whigs and tories don’t want to see a long line of Catholic rulers
Long term effect of whigs vs tories
The Parliament divided into the foundation of a two party system in England and then the United States.
When James II takes the throne,…
He aggressively defies the Parliament and tries to be an absolute monarch.
.Three issues that unite Parliament against James II
- Appointing Catholics to positions of power
- Creating a standing army for personal protection
- Has a son who will be a Catholic heir as well
Key players to overthrow James II
William III of Orange, Mary Stuart (his wife), and John Churchill
Parliament asks William and Mary to…
rule as joint sovereigns.
Bill of Rights in England
William and Mary agreed to this:
They couldn’t suspend Parliament’s laws, levy taxes w/o parliament, penalize a citizen for grievances, post excessive bail in court, interfere w/ the freedom of speech in parliament, organize a standing army in peacetime.
