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AP Euro > Unit 3 Test > Flashcards

Unit 3 Test Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

“Henri le Grand”

A

Henry IV. Politique who led France out of the French religious war. Tried for peace, built roads, lowered taxes. Assassinated. Son is

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2
Q

Marie de Medici

A

wife of Henry IV. Regent during Louis XIII life.

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3
Q

Louis XIII

A

Was son of Henry IV and Marie de Medici. He wasn’t interested in ruling and Marie de Medici and mainly Cardinal Richelieu run it instead.

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4
Q

Cardinal Richelieu

A

Was Louis III’s chief minister. He allowed monarchy to maintain power.

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5
Q

Intendants

A

Commissioners for France’s 32 districts. They enforced central authority from Paris to other smaller parliaments.

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6
Q

Cardinal Mazarin

A

Minister during Louis XIV’s reign.

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7
Q

The Fronde

A

Series of civil wars in France. It was violent uprisings by the nobles against the power of the monarchy.

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8
Q

parlements

A

Law court staffed by nobles that could register or refuse to register a king’s edict

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9
Q

divine right

A

God put you on the throne and that’s all you have to answer to.

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10
Q

Sun King

A

title given to Louis XIV. He thinks he is the light and everyone else is the planets.

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11
Q

Versailles

A

Built so that Louis XIV could get the government out of Paris and mobs and into the countryside where Louis XIV could keep an eye on the nobles.

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12
Q

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

A

Brought mercantilism to the French economy. Colbert was the financial adviser. They established colonies.

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13
Q

Louis Joliet

A

Explored the origins of the Mississippi river.

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14
Q

Jacques Marquette

A

Mapped the northern portion of the Mississippi river.

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15
Q

Louisiana

A

French explorers founded a territory and named it after King Louis.

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16
Q

Charles II

A

Spanish king that died without an heir and named Louis XIV heir to Spain causing the War of the Spanish Succession.

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17
Q

Philip IV

A

Philip the Fair who was Louis XIV’s grandson. He inherited Spain.

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18
Q

Morisco

A

Former Muslims who converted to Christianity after Spain outlawed other religions.

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19
Q

Main political goals and achievements of Cardinal Richelieu

A

Absolute monarchy

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20
Q

Mercantilism

A

Export more than you import. Nation based. Try to use national resources from your home country.

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21
Q

Louis XIV Foreign Policy

A

You don’t go on vast campaigns of conquest because you leave your supply area. Don’t raid and pillage. Limit your armies, outmaneuver your opponent.

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22
Q

Ferdinand II

A

Hapsburg. Reduced the power of Bohemian estates. Serfdom got worse.

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23
Q

Ferdinand III

A

Hapsburg. Centralized government in German speaking provinces. Had a strong army. Recovered Hungary from the Ottomans.

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24
Q

What deal existed between the monarchies and nobilities in Eastern Europe in the early modern era?

A

Monarchs can be absolute if they let nobles keep their serfs.

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25
Q

Basic socio-economic differences between Eastern and Western Europe in the early modern era.

A

Eastern: Noble landowners, serfdom, sells goods to the west, uncivilized warfare
Western: Civilized warfare, mercantilism, less serfs

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26
Q

Austrias new focus as a result of the 30 years war

A

Instead of expanding, unite the territory they have and create a powerful nation.

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27
Q

Three main geographic parts of “House of Austria”

A

Bohemia, Hungary (Magyars), Austria

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28
Q

Hohenzollern

A

Family that ruled the Prussian empire.

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29
Q

Brandenburg

A

German state that begins Prussia.

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30
Q

Elector

A

Prince or archbishop chosen to pick the Holy Roman Emperor.

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31
Q

junkers

A

nobility/landowning classes in Brandenburg/Prussia

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32
Q

Frederick III

A

Son of Frederick William. When he is made King of Prussia by Holy Roman Emperor for his help in Spanish Succession, his name changes to Frederick William I.

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33
Q

Frederick William

A

Known as the “Great Elector”. He unified three provinces.

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34
Q

Frederick William I

A

Second king of Prussia, son of Frederick I. He transformed Prussia into a militaristic society.

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35
Q

Frederick II

A

“Enlightened despot” Challenges Austria for German domination.

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36
Q

Three disconnected masses of Prussia.

A

Brandenburg, Various Western territories, Pomerenia

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37
Q

When did Prussia gain the territory of “Slavic Pomerania”?

A

The first partition of Poland, 1772

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38
Q

How did Frederick William I transform Prussian politics and culture?

A

He eliminated parliamentary estates and local self governments.
He established Prussian Absolutism.
He created one of the best armies in Europe.
He fostered economic developments and an honest bureaucracy.

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39
Q

Structure of Prussian militaristic society.

A

All Prussian men underwent military training. Junkers were leaders in the army and were in charge of peasants. The workers supplied the army.

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40
Q

War of Devolution

A

French attempt to gain the Spanish Netherlands and were blocked by the Dutch, English, and Swedish. (*Balance-of-Power” that emerges to check Louis XIV’s aggression. Also a standard diplomatic strategy in modern European history).

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41
Q

When was “Balance-of-Power” used?

A

War of Devolution

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42
Q

Dutch War

A

France again tries to expand into the Netherlands. William III of Orange allied with Austrian and Spanish Hapsburg, Brandenburg, and Denmark. Results in the Treaty of Nimwegen- France gives up Dutch ambitions in exchange for Franche-Comte from the Hapsburgs.

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43
Q

Balance of Power

A

you can’t have one powerful state running everything. weaker nations ally so it doesn’t make sense for other nations to attack them.

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44
Q

War of the League of Augsburg sides:

A

Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Sweden, Netherlands, England
vs.
France

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45
Q

War of the League of Augsburg

A

France invaded regions of Alsace and Lorraine. The Hapsburgs allied with William III of Orange to form the League of Augsburg.

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46
Q

Results of League of Augsburg

A

The Peace of Ryswick which left matters much as they were before the war.

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47
Q

War of Spanish Succession sides

A

England, Netherlands, Savoy, Holy Roman Empire, Brandenburg

vs.

France, Spain, Bolvaria

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48
Q

War of Spanish Succession

A

Charles II was the last surviving member of the Spanish Hapsburgs line. Louis XIV (france) and Leopold I (austria) compete to see who will get Spain. Agreements were made to split the inheritance but when Charles II died, his will suggests that Louis XIV’s grandson gets Spain. Europe saw this as a threat to the balance of power in France’s favor and unite against Louis XIV through William III of Orange.

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49
Q

Results of War of Spanish Succession

A

Peace of Utrecht

50
Q

Peace of Utrecht

A

Britain gets tons of territory
Savoy becomes Kingdom of Sardinia
Brandenburg becomes Kingdom of Prussia
Austrian Hapsburgs get territory and Spanish Netherlands
Spain holds American territories
Grandson of Louis XIV confirmed as king of Spain

51
Q

After Spanish Succession, who are the competing global powers

A

Britain and France

52
Q

Mongols

A

Group of nomadic tribes from Mongolia

53
Q

Slavic

A

Eastern Europe language group

54
Q

Ivan III

A

the “Great Prince” who broke Russia free from the Mongols.

55
Q

boyars

A

high ranking nobles in Moscow

56
Q

tsar (czar)

A

leaders of Russia

57
Q

Cossacks

A

East-Slavic speaking people who lived in Russia.

58
Q

Time of Troubles

A

Time period in Russia in which the Romanov family is decided as the next ruling family of Russia.

59
Q

Michael Romanov

A

Ended rebellions in Russia.

60
Q

Stenka Razin

A

Caused huge rebellions in Russia

61
Q

Siberia

A

Russia gained this territory from Poland and used it as a place to put prisoners. Their expansion into Siberia paralleled the Western powers’ exploration and conquest of the Atlantic world.

62
Q

Charles XII

A

Swedish king who fought with Peter the Great of Russia.

63
Q

Peter the Great

A

Czar of Russia who westernized Russia and built a huge army.

64
Q

Great Northern War

A

Sweden vs. Russia, Russia won

65
Q

Is Russia western or eastern European?

A

Neither.

66
Q

Russia has evolved into a large,

A

multi-ethnic empire.

67
Q

What was the essence of Peter the Great’s tour in Western Europe?

A

To spy on the nations and learn how he can beat them in war.

68
Q

Peter the Great’s main goal in the war with Sweden

A

Access to the Baltic sea, westward expansion

69
Q

How did Peter the Great afford labor for the modernization of Russian military and society?

A

He taxed the nobles and made all his serfs work on his command. But they could rise in ranks through experience.

70
Q

Serfdom during Peter the Great’s reign

A

They had almost no rights

71
Q

Paradox concerning Peter the Great’s Russia

A

He may have thought he was modernizing Russia but it was only for the rich nobles. The reality of it was the 95% of the population was being put into worse circumstances.

72
Q

Russian leaders - starting with Mongols to first Romanov

A 
Mongols
Ivan III -Drove out the mongols
Ivan IV (First czar)(Ivan the Terrible)
Time of Troubles -(Succession dispute)
Michael Romanov-First of Romanov dynasty
73
Q

In the 17th century, Russia was considered..

A

A relic of the Dark Ages

74
Q

At first, who does Peter share the crown with?

A

Sofia Romanov

75
Q

What area of Russia fascinated Peter due to it’s modern style?

A

German Suburbs

76
Q

Peter fought a war with who for a port in the Black Sea?

A

The Tartars

77
Q

Why was there no navy before Peter?

A

Moscow is far from any coasts.

78
Q

What king of England invited Peter to come

A

William III

79
Q

What king did Peter battle for a part of the Baltic Sea?

A

Charles XII of Sweden

80
Q

What became the “window of the West” for Peter?

A

St. Petersburg

81
Q

What did the Church bells being melted symbolize for Russia and Peter?

A

He chose secularization over religion

82
Q

How did peter ensure there would be enough supplies for the city?

A

He banned stone houses from being built anywhere else in Russia.

83
Q

What tactic did Peter use to defeat the Swedes in 1708?

A

The Scorched Earth Tactic where he destroyed everything in their path so they couldn’t raid towns for supplies.

84
Q

Peters son

A

Alexis, he was tried for treason and executed

85
Q

What caused Peter’s death

A

Jumping overship and saving a crew member. Ironic because the one selfless thing he does kills him.

86
Q

constitutionalism

A

government where power is limited by the law.

87
Q

Elizabeth I

A

personal power in England, had no heir

88
Q

James I

A

succeeded Elizabeth I, thought his rule was divine. First Stuart to rule England. Jamestown, Bible, Shakespeare

89
Q

Charles I

A

Son of James I, also thought his ruling was divine, dismissed the parliament and ruled without them until he wanted them to help invade Scotland. When they refused to help, he made an army of nobles.

90
Q

Puritans

A

Wanted none of Roman Catholic traditions. They run the government after the English Civil War. When monarch is reinstated they mostly all go to America.

91
Q

Long Parliament

A

1640-1660 parliament

92
Q

New Model Army

A

Parliament’s army in England - militia of London and county squires

93
Q

Petition of Right (4)

A

Challenge authority of Charles I.

  1. no imprisonment w/o just cause (today, due process)
  2. no loans of taxes w/o parliament
  3. no housing of soldiers in private homes (colonies)
  4. no martial law in peacetime
    * which means no suspending #1-3 unless crisis
94
Q

Result of Charles I calling Parliament in 1640 to request a war with Calvinist Scotland

A

Parliament instead tries to limit his power.

95
Q

What does Charles I do to start the English Civil War?

A

Send troops to Parliament to arrest his opposition.

96
Q

Two sides of Civil War

A 
Royalists/Cavaliers
Leader: Charles I
Support: The king and absolute monarchy
vs
Leader: Oliver Cromwell
Support: The parliament and republican government
Round heads/Puritans
97
Q

Who wins the Civil War?

A

the Parliamentary forces

98
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

Puritan who led the New Model Army. When they won he stayed- not as a monarch but took over as a sort of dictator.

99
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

wrote Leviathan, philospher

100
Q

Leviathan

A

Wrote that absolute monarchy was good

101
Q

Protectorate

A

Republican government where Cromwell ran the military

102
Q

Instrument of Government

A

Puts power in “Lord protector” - Oliver Cromwell

103
Q

Lord Protector

A

heads of state in parliament

104
Q

Restoration (in England)

A

When Cromwell died and his son (Richard) became Lord Protector, they didn’t like him and put the monarchy back in power.

105
Q

Charles II of England

A

Was put back on the throne after Cromwell’s son didn’t work out.

106
Q

Who called Parliament together to suggest monarchy again?

A

Army general George Monck.

107
Q

What three things changed during Charles II of England’s rule?

A

Drama, religious question, and habeas corpus.

108
Q

Why did drama become popular?

A

In result of the end of protestant rule.

109
Q

What Charles II wanted for religion

A

He wanted some toleration for Catholic power so he could appoint his friends to positions of power.

110
Q

What parliament granted Charles II for religion

A

They don’t let him do that but instead pass the Test Act.

111
Q

Test Act

A

Everyone in the English government must be Anglican.

112
Q

Habeas Corpus

A

Parliament passes a law that states the limitations of monarchs. We now call them “due Process”

113
Q

To succeed the throne after Charles II was…

A

James II, his brother

114
Q

Two sides for if James II should get the throne

A

Whigs
Supported: An alternative to James II (liberal)

Tories:
Supported: The traditional line of succession. (conservatives)

*both whigs and tories don’t want to see a long line of Catholic rulers

115
Q

Long term effect of whigs vs tories

A

The Parliament divided into the foundation of a two party system in England and then the United States.

116
Q

When James II takes the throne,…

A

He aggressively defies the Parliament and tries to be an absolute monarch.

117
Q

.Three issues that unite Parliament against James II

A
  1. Appointing Catholics to positions of power
  2. Creating a standing army for personal protection
  3. Has a son who will be a Catholic heir as well
118
Q

Key players to overthrow James II

A

William III of Orange, Mary Stuart (his wife), and John Churchill

119
Q

Parliament asks William and Mary to…

A

rule as joint sovereigns.

120
Q

Bill of Rights in England

A

William and Mary agreed to this:
They couldn’t suspend Parliament’s laws, levy taxes w/o parliament, penalize a citizen for grievances, post excessive bail in court, interfere w/ the freedom of speech in parliament, organize a standing army in peacetime.

AP Euro (8 decks)

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