Unit 3 Test Flashcards
What condition is indicative of positive feedback?
Blood pressure decreases greatly; blood flow to the heart is inadequate, and blood pressure decreases
“Stratified columnar” is a description that would apply to what type of animal tissue?
Epithelial
_______ is the transfer of thermal energy between an object and an external medium that is moving
Convection
The metabolic rate of a fasting, non-stressed ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature
SMR
There are four classes of essential nutrients in the human diet. Which is missing from… (essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals)
Essential fatty acids
Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?
Normal vision and vitamin A
Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as
Absorption
After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is
Carbohydrates
Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because
They have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in the chambers of their stomachs
When digestion and absorption of organic molecules results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is
Stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles
Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct?
In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs
Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following?
Fibrogen, and immunoglobulin
Innate immunity
Is activated immediately upon infection
A key part of the immune response mediated by matured, activated B cells is
The production of antibodies by plasma cells
The material present in arteriolar that is not present in capillaries is
Circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterial es
The epithelium type with the shortest diffusion distance is which of the following?
Simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following is an evolutionary adaptation that helps animals exchange matter with the environment?
Two-layered body plan of a hydra
Consider a husband and wife sharing a bed, with each one having an electric blanket. Their controls become switched. When the husband feels cold, he turns up the control. This warms the wife, who turns down the control. This chills the husband who turns up his control even more. The process continues. For both the wife and the husband, this would be an example of
Positive feedback
In an endotherm, which of the following homeostatic processes would be produced by a sudden and prolonged decrease in ambient temperature?
Decreased blood flow to the skin surface
Which of the following measurements would be the least reliable indicator of an animal’s metabolic rate?
The amount of water it drinks
Choose the list that correctly ranks metabolic rates per gram of body mass, from lowest to highest. (Be careful when it comes to ranking ectotherms - they have much lower BMR’s than endotherms)
Salmon, dog, mouse
Which vitamin leads to the bowing and deformation of bones?
D
Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?
Normal vision and vitamin A
An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastric asphalt cavity is described by which of the following?
It allows an animal to eat a second meal while digesting the first, it permits the development of specialized enzymes and concentration of digestive juices in different areas, and addition physical cutting and grinding of the food is possible
Which of the following is NOT one of the four main stages involved in food processing?
Conduction
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY paired with its function
Small intestine - bile production
In mammals, how and where are carbs digested?
By amylases in the mouth and small intestine
Which of the following most accurately reflects digestion of rats
Fats are emulsified by bike salts and the resulting fat droplets are hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase
Which of the following best and most completely describes the digestive systems of ruminants?
All of the above
Glucose homeostasis is maintained by the action of two pancreatic enzymes. What enzyme promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, increasing blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
Which of the following most accurately reflects our current understanding of the cause of stomach (gastric) ulcers?
Stomach ulcers are caused by infection with the acid-tolerant bacterium, Helicobacter pylori and can be cured by antibiotic treatment
Open circulatory systems are found among which of the following groups of organisms?
Arthropoda and most molluscs
The circulatory system in the image above is found among which group of animals?
Amphibian
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in mammals?
Vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary circuit
Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans
Would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
A stroke volume in the heart of 70mL/cycle, with a pulse of 70 cycles per minute results in a cardiac output of
4.9 mL/minute
During strenuous exercise capillary beds to the skeletal muscles become dilated. This does not result in a significant drop in systemic blood pressure because
Any drop in pressure in compensated by an increase in cardiac output
Lymphatic filariasis is a condition caused by parasitic roundworms, which inhabit the lymphatic vessels, blocking the flow of lymph throughout the body. Inhibition of lymph flow results in which of the following symptoms?
Chronic, extreme swelling, due to fluid retention, particularly in the lower limbs
A key step in blood clotting is the conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme into its active form. The active form of this enzyme is then responsible for the formation of the insoluble fibrin threads. What is the active form of the enzyme?
Thrombin
Negative pressure breathing in humans relies on the following
Contraction of the diaphragm, contraction of the rib muscles, concerted change in the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs
Consider the images A and B above. The directions in which blood and water flow (indicated by arrows at the ends of each bar) differs from A to B. Which best represents the flow of water over blood capillaries in the gills of a fish?
B
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
Partial pressure gradient
Carbon monoxide poisoning is due to which of the following?
CO binds almost irreversibly to hemoglobin, inhibiting hemoglobin’s ability to transport O2
Which of the following is not a property of the acquired immune system?
Rapid rate of response
One of the first steps of the inflammatory response is the release of a molecule of
Histamine
The B cell antigen receptor
All of the above
All of the antigen receptors on a single lymphocyte (B or T cell) recognize
The same epitope
What’s not a function of epithelial tissue?
Packing material to hold organs in place
The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is termed
Homeostasis
Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by
Evaporation
Certain nutrients are considered “essential” in the diets of some animals because
These animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients
Which of the following activates pepainogen to its active form in the stomach?
HCl
A group on animals among which a relatively long cecum is likely to be found is the
Herbivores
The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart
Prevent back flow of the blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries
B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that
Bind to antigens presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells
The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is
The capillaries
Which of the following is not an adaptation that would help an animal to thermoregulate?
Body size
The branched, contractile tissue in the image is which of the following?
Cardiac muscle
Which of the following measurements would be the least reliable indicator of an animal’s metabolic rate?
The amount of water it drinks
Consider the countercurrent heat exchanger in the flipper of the sea turtle in the diagram above. 1 is an artery, 2 is the tip of the flipper and 3 indicates a vein. Which of the following accurately reflects heat transfer in the flipper?
In a sea turtle’s flippers, heat is transferred from 1 to 3
Look at the graphs and choose the correct statement describing the relationship between BMR and body mass of mammals.
Small mammals have lower BMR, but use more calories per kilogram than large animals
A woman suffers from an abnormality of the thyroid known as goiter. Deficiency with what mineral leads to this condition?
Vitamin E
Fat absorption differs from other foods because it’s breakdown products are
Transported into the lacteals in the vili
Self digestion of the stomach is prevented by which of the following
The presence of a mucus layer covering the stomach epithelium and regular replacement of the epithelial cells lining the stomach
As shown in the diagram above, glucose homeostasis is maintained by the action of two pancreatic enzymes. Which enzyme enhances transport of glucose into body cells or storage in liver and muscle, decreasing blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Complete the following sentence: Decreasing adipose tissue results in a(n) _______ in leptin levels, which cues the brain to _______ appetite.
Decrease, increase
In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pylmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?
Frogs
Which most accurately and completely describes the composition of lymph?
Water, plasma proteins, electrolytes, leukocytes, and antibodies
A key step in blood clotting is the conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme into its active form. The active form of this enzyme is then responsible for the formation of the insoluble fibrin threads. What is the active form of the enzyme?
Thrombin
Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect its pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as
The medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing
Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through alveolar capillaries?
Hb + 4O2 -> Hb(O2)4
Which is not a property of the acquired immune system?
Rapid rate of response
Consider the structure of an antibody in the image above. Which of the following statements are true?
1) The antigen binding site is formed by the variable regions of heavy and light chains
2) Antibodies resemble B cell recoveries but lack a transmembrane domain
3) Antibodies are found ONLY on the surface of B cells
4) DNA rearrangements generate the variable of heavy and light chains of antibodies
1,2, and 4
Which of the following are true?
1) The antigen binding site is formed by the variable regions of heavy and light chains
2) Antibodies bind antigens only when a fragment of the antigen is attached to the surface of a B cell
3) Once activated, a single B cell develop into a plasma cell that can express many (>4) different kinds of heavy and light chains, giving rise to many distinct antibodies
4) Antibodies resemble T cell antigen receptors but lack a transmembrane domain
1 only
The plasma proteins in humans
Maintain the blood’s osmotic pressure
Which of the following enzymes are capable of digesting proteins?
Pancreatic trypsin and pepsin
The four principal types of tissues are
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
After digestion in humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is
Carbohydrates
Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except
Natural killer cells
Which of the following animals would be expected to have the longest cecum?
Koala bear
A key step in blood clotting is the formation of insoluble thread-like fibers from a soluble precursor. What is the soluble precursor to these thread-like fibers?
Fibrinogen
Which best describes B vitamins?
Water soluble compounds, often functioning as coenzymes
