Unit 1 Test Flashcards
Poisoned by 02
Obligate anaerobe
Not present in all bacteria, the ______ enables those bacteria that posses it to germinate after exposure to harsh conditions
Endospore
Used light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2
Photoautotroph
Uses CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing CH4 as a waste product
Methanogens
Thrive in very hot environments
Extreme thermophiles
Which of the following cellular components would be found in bacteria, but is generally lacking in Protista (including protozoans)
Cell wall
The intermediate host in the life cycle of a blood fluke is
A Gastropod mollusk
Fungi that lack partitions are called
Coenocytic
The sexual life cycle of fungi, the term plasmids my refers to
The fusion of two parents cytoplasm
An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also
Triploblastic
Which of the following is likely a cause for the Cambrian explosion of animal diversity
Predators acquired adaptations that helped them catch prey, Prey species acquired new defenses such as shells, a rise in atmospheric oxygen levels, evolution of the Hox gene complex
Corals are most closely related to
Sea anomones
All of the following characterize the phylum Rotifera except
A relatively large size and worm-like body plan
Which of the following phyla do not have blind-sac body plans (a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening)?
Annelida (polychaete worms, earthworms, leeches)
Which of the following is not an advantage of the arthropod exoskeleton?
Enhances sensory perceptions
Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of the Chordata?
A bong skeleton of calcium phosphate
What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans?
A cartilaginous endoskeleton
Which of the following is not a primate characteristic?
Dextrous hand with opposable thumb in many species, hair, ability to produce milk, eyes close together in face
Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells include all of the following except
Prokaryotic cells lack ribosomes
Which structures afford bacteria the ability to withstand unfavorable conditions?
Capsules, plasmids, and endospores
Near deep-sea hydrothermal vents, where there is no access to sunlight, one may encounter complex communities dissolved in the vent fluids. Such communities are most likely dependent on _______ as their primary producers
Chemoautotrophs
An individual mixtotroph loses it’s plastids (chloroplasts), yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for it’s continued survival?
It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption
Which diseases are caused by a kinetoplastid?
Chagas Disease, African Sleeping Sickness, and Leishmaniasis
What’s the primary role of mushrooms underground mycelium?
Nutrient absorption
What’s the correct sequence of events in the sexual life cycle of fungi?
Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, and Meiosis
One piece of evidence consistent with the hypothesis that Chytrids diverged earliest in fungal evolution is the presence of ______ in this phylum
Flagellated zoospores
How are vascular plants that are evolved in mychorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved in lichens alike?
They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners
What does penicillin do to gram-negative cells?
Inhibits x-link formation, interferes with cell wall function
What’s the difference between a capsule and a slime-layer?
Both are secreted as a protective layer, but a capsule is well-defined and a slime layer has no definite shape
What’s a fimbriae?
Hair-like appendages that prokaryotes use to stick to a substrate
What are endospores?
Resistant cells used to withstand harsh conditions, which are formed when the prokaryote is lacking an essential nutrient
How are endospores formed?
They’re formed from the original cell producing a copy of it’s chromosomes, surrounds that copy with a tough multilayered structure
What are spirochetes known for?
Their corkscrew motion
Define taxis
Directional movement
Define chemotaxis
A motile response prokaryotes give in response to chemicals
Define positive chemotaxis
When the prokaryote moves towards the nutrients or oxygen
Define negative chemotaxis
Prokaryote moves away from toxins
Define phototaxis
A molitile response prokaryotes give in response to light
Which two antibiotics bind to prokaryotic ribosomes and blocks protein synthesis
Erythromycin and tetracycline
Define obligate aerobes
Needs O2 for cellular respiration
Define Facultative Anaerobes
Use o2 if present, but can grow anaerobically
What are the four major clades of Archaea
Korachaeota, Euryarchaeota, crenarhaeota, and nanoarcheota
Define a heterocyst
Carries out nitrogen fixation - surrounded by a thickened cell wall that restricts the entry of O2
Define Proteobacteria
Clade of gram-negative bacteria - includes photo autotrophs, chemo autotrophs, and heteroautotrophs
Clamydias Urethritis
Clade of gram-neg bacteria - survives only in animal cells - most common STD
Define Heteroloboseids
Brain-eating amoeba
Define parabasalids
Reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes) that generate ATP anaerobically
Define euglenozoans
Spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function - includes kinetoplastids and euglenids
Define kinetoplastids
Single large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA - called kinetoplast - responsible for several debilitating diseases (Leishmaniasis, Chagas, ASS)
What is the definitive host for ASS?
Tsetse fly
Definitive host for Chagas?
Reduviid bug
Definitive host for Leishmaniasis?
Sandfly
Define euglenids
Have 1 or 2 flagella concentrated at one end of the cell - many mixotrophs
What is the SAR clade?
Diverse clade classified by DNA
What are stamenopiles?
Marine algae that have flagella with numerous, fine, hair-like projections
What are diatoms?
Unicellular algae with glass-like walls made of hydrated silica - can withstand immense pressure
What are golden algae?
Yellow and brown algae
What are brown algae?
Largest and most complex algae, multicellular, “seaweeds”
What are alveolates?
Cells with membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli)
What are ciliates?
Varied group of Protista named for their cilia
What are Chondrichthyes?
Class that contains sharks and rays
What are Placoderm?
Class that contains extinct armored fish
What are Actinistia?
Coelacanth
What are Dipnoi?
Lung fishes
What are Amphibia?
First land vertebrates
What are the three major groups of mammals?
Monotremes, marsupials, and eutherian
