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Biology 109 > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

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0
Q

Poisoned by 02

A

Obligate anaerobe

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1
Q

Not present in all bacteria, the ______ enables those bacteria that posses it to germinate after exposure to harsh conditions

A

Endospore

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2
Q

Used light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2

A

Photoautotroph

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3
Q

Uses CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing CH4 as a waste product

A

Methanogens

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4
Q

Thrive in very hot environments

A

Extreme thermophiles

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5
Q

Which of the following cellular components would be found in bacteria, but is generally lacking in Protista (including protozoans)

A

Cell wall

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6
Q

The intermediate host in the life cycle of a blood fluke is

A

A Gastropod mollusk

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7
Q

Fungi that lack partitions are called

A

Coenocytic

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8
Q

The sexual life cycle of fungi, the term plasmids my refers to

A

The fusion of two parents cytoplasm

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9
Q

An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also

A

Triploblastic

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10
Q

Which of the following is likely a cause for the Cambrian explosion of animal diversity

A

Predators acquired adaptations that helped them catch prey, Prey species acquired new defenses such as shells, a rise in atmospheric oxygen levels, evolution of the Hox gene complex

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11
Q

Corals are most closely related to

A

Sea anomones

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12
Q

All of the following characterize the phylum Rotifera except

A

A relatively large size and worm-like body plan

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13
Q

Which of the following phyla do not have blind-sac body plans (a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening)?

A

Annelida (polychaete worms, earthworms, leeches)

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14
Q

Which of the following is not an advantage of the arthropod exoskeleton?

A

Enhances sensory perceptions

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15
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of the Chordata?

A

A bong skeleton of calcium phosphate

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16
Q

What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans?

A

A cartilaginous endoskeleton

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17
Q

Which of the following is not a primate characteristic?

A

Dextrous hand with opposable thumb in many species, hair, ability to produce milk, eyes close together in face

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18
Q

Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells include all of the following except

A

Prokaryotic cells lack ribosomes

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19
Q

Which structures afford bacteria the ability to withstand unfavorable conditions?

A

Capsules, plasmids, and endospores

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20
Q

Near deep-sea hydrothermal vents, where there is no access to sunlight, one may encounter complex communities dissolved in the vent fluids. Such communities are most likely dependent on _______ as their primary producers

A

Chemoautotrophs

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21
Q

An individual mixtotroph loses it’s plastids (chloroplasts), yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for it’s continued survival?

A

It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption

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22
Q

Which diseases are caused by a kinetoplastid?

A

Chagas Disease, African Sleeping Sickness, and Leishmaniasis

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23
Q

What’s the primary role of mushrooms underground mycelium?

A

Nutrient absorption

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24
Q

What’s the correct sequence of events in the sexual life cycle of fungi?

A

Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, and Meiosis

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25
Q

One piece of evidence consistent with the hypothesis that Chytrids diverged earliest in fungal evolution is the presence of ______ in this phylum

A

Flagellated zoospores

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26
Q

How are vascular plants that are evolved in mychorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved in lichens alike?

A

They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners

27
Q

What does penicillin do to gram-negative cells?

A

Inhibits x-link formation, interferes with cell wall function

28
Q

What’s the difference between a capsule and a slime-layer?

A

Both are secreted as a protective layer, but a capsule is well-defined and a slime layer has no definite shape

29
Q

What’s a fimbriae?

A

Hair-like appendages that prokaryotes use to stick to a substrate

30
Q

What are endospores?

A

Resistant cells used to withstand harsh conditions, which are formed when the prokaryote is lacking an essential nutrient

31
Q

How are endospores formed?

A

They’re formed from the original cell producing a copy of it’s chromosomes, surrounds that copy with a tough multilayered structure

32
Q

What are spirochetes known for?

A

Their corkscrew motion

33
Q

Define taxis

A

Directional movement

34
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

A motile response prokaryotes give in response to chemicals

35
Q

Define positive chemotaxis

A

When the prokaryote moves towards the nutrients or oxygen

36
Q

Define negative chemotaxis

A

Prokaryote moves away from toxins

37
Q

Define phototaxis

A

A molitile response prokaryotes give in response to light

38
Q

Which two antibiotics bind to prokaryotic ribosomes and blocks protein synthesis

A

Erythromycin and tetracycline

39
Q

Define obligate aerobes

A

Needs O2 for cellular respiration

40
Q

Define Facultative Anaerobes

A

Use o2 if present, but can grow anaerobically

41
Q

What are the four major clades of Archaea

A

Korachaeota, Euryarchaeota, crenarhaeota, and nanoarcheota

42
Q

Define a heterocyst

A

Carries out nitrogen fixation - surrounded by a thickened cell wall that restricts the entry of O2

43
Q

Define Proteobacteria

A

Clade of gram-negative bacteria - includes photo autotrophs, chemo autotrophs, and heteroautotrophs

44
Q

Clamydias Urethritis

A

Clade of gram-neg bacteria - survives only in animal cells - most common STD

45
Q

Define Heteroloboseids

A

Brain-eating amoeba

46
Q

Define parabasalids

A

Reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes) that generate ATP anaerobically

47
Q

Define euglenozoans

A

Spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function - includes kinetoplastids and euglenids

48
Q

Define kinetoplastids

A

Single large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA - called kinetoplast - responsible for several debilitating diseases (Leishmaniasis, Chagas, ASS)

49
Q

What is the definitive host for ASS?

A

Tsetse fly

50
Q

Definitive host for Chagas?

A

Reduviid bug

51
Q

Definitive host for Leishmaniasis?

A

Sandfly

52
Q

Define euglenids

A

Have 1 or 2 flagella concentrated at one end of the cell - many mixotrophs

53
Q

What is the SAR clade?

A

Diverse clade classified by DNA

54
Q

What are stamenopiles?

A

Marine algae that have flagella with numerous, fine, hair-like projections

55
Q

What are diatoms?

A

Unicellular algae with glass-like walls made of hydrated silica - can withstand immense pressure

56
Q

What are golden algae?

A

Yellow and brown algae

57
Q

What are brown algae?

A

Largest and most complex algae, multicellular, “seaweeds”

58
Q

What are alveolates?

A

Cells with membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli)

59
Q

What are ciliates?

A

Varied group of Protista named for their cilia

60
Q

What are Chondrichthyes?

A

Class that contains sharks and rays

61
Q

What are Placoderm?

A

Class that contains extinct armored fish

62
Q

What are Actinistia?

A

Coelacanth

63
Q

What are Dipnoi?

A

Lung fishes

64
Q

What are Amphibia?

A

First land vertebrates

65
Q

What are the three major groups of mammals?

A

Monotremes, marsupials, and eutherian

Biology 109 (3 decks)

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