Unit 3 - Sustainability & Interdependence Flashcards
1
Q
what term in food security means that you can get to food
A
access
2
Q
what term in food security means that you have enough food
A
quantity
3
Q
what term in food security means that the food is nutritious
A
quality
4
Q
what 3 terms describe good food security
A
access, quality, quantity
5
Q
what is driving the need for more food production
A
increasing human population
6
Q
what is a plant that has been breed for a particular trait
A
cultivar
7
Q
what process determines food yield
A
photosynthesis
8
Q
what do fertilisers provide
A
soil nutrients
9
Q
what is a trophic level
A
a level in a food chain
10
Q
what percentage of energy (roughly) is passed on in a food chain
A
10%
11
Q
what percentage of energy (roughly) is lost as you move up a food chain
A
90%
12
Q
Give two examples of things which would lose energy in a food chain
A
heat, movement, undigested materials, waste…
13
Q
what do arrows show in a food chain
A
transfer of energy
14
Q
fate of light hitting a leaf beginning with A
A
Absorbed
15
Q
fate of light hitting a leaf beginning with T
A
Transmitted
16
Q
fate of light hitting a leaf beginning with R
A
Reflected
17
Q
what has to happen to light for it to be useful for photosynthesis
A
has to be absorbed
18
Q
what is the main pigment in plants
A
chlorophyll (a)
19
Q
what pigments are accessory pigments
A
caretenoids
20
Q
what shows the wavelengths of light that each pigment can take in
A
absorption spectra
21
Q
what pigments extend the range of wavelengths absorbed
A
accessory / caretenoids
22
Q
what does the absorption of light do to the pigment molecules
A
excites electrons inside them
23
Q
what spectra shows the photosynthetic activity at a given wavelength
A
action spectra
24
Q
what spectra is made up of all of the absorption spectra
A
action spectra
25
where does excited chlorophyll pass electrons to
electron transport chain
26
where do you find chlorphyll
granum of chloroplast
27
what is the first stage of photosynthesis called
light dependent / photolysis
28
what do the proteins in the ETC pump
hydrogen ions
29
what does the hydrogen ion gradient drive
ATP synthase
30
what is ATP made from
ADP + Pi
31
what are the products of photolysis
hydrogen ions and oxygen
32
what is the hydrogen acceptor in photosynthesis
NADP
33
what is the reduced hydrogen acceptor in photosynthesis
NADPH
34
what is needed from the 1st stage for the 2nd in photosynthesis
ATP and NADPH
35
what is the name of the 2nd stage of photosynthesis
carbon fixation/calvin cycle
36
what is the 5 carbon compound that attaches to carbon dioxide in the calvin cycle
RuBP / Ribulose Bisphosphate
37
what is the first stable intermediate formed in the calvin cycle
3PG/ 3-phosphoglycerate
38
what is the name of the compound that you can make glucose from
G3P/ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
39
how many G3P are required to make one glucose
2
40
when is ATP required in the calvin cycle
3PG to G3P and G3P to RuBP
41
when is NADPH required in the calvin cycle
3PG to G3P conversion
42
what enzyme attaches carbon dioxide to the RuBP
RuBisCO
43
where does the calvin cycle take place
stroma of the chloroplast
44
where does photosynthesis take place
chloroplast
45
what is the range of wavelengths in visible light
400-700nm
46
what colour of light has the shortest wavelength
violet
47
what colour of light has the longest wavelength
red
48
what is the first thing high energy electrons are passed to
primary electron acceptor
49
what carbohydrate is used for storage
starch
50
what carbohydrate is used for structure in the cell wall
cellulose
51
if glucose is broken down to pyruvate what has it been used as
respiratory substrate
52
if glucose has been used to make fats what type of pathway has been used
biosynthetic
53
what kinds of compounds are made in biosynthetic pathways
amino acids, fats, nucleotides…
54
what factors limit photosynthesis (N5)
light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration
55
what does randomisation help avoid
bias
56
why are replicates essential in field trials
because each population has variation
57
give 3 things that could be targetted as a characteristic in breeding
higher food yields, higher nutritional value, pest resistance, disease resistance, ability to thrive in different environments
58
what causes inbreeding depression
build up of deleterious allles in a limited gene pool
59
what is inbreeding
breeding parents that are closely related
60
what is outbreeding
breeding parents that are not closely related
61
what is the aim of breeding in terms of genotype
remove heterozygosity in desired gene
62
what type of cross looks at only one characteristic
monohybrid
63
what type of cross uses the recessive to identify the genotype of a dominant phenotype
testcross
64
what type of cross uses the parental line to help fix a particular trait
backcross
65
what is meant by deleterious
does harm
66
what is meant by truebreeding
always passes on same allele / homozygous
67
what type of cross uses two different parental strains to produce an improved F1
crossbreeding
68
what improved characteristics can you find in plant crossbreeds
increased vigour, disease resistance, yield
69
where the F1 shows improved characteristics from parents
hybrid vigour
70
what increases when F1 hybrids are bred
variation / intermedaite phenotypes
71
what form of inheritance would you expect if the trait shows dicontinuous variation
monogenic
72
why is genome sequencing useful in breeding
allows you to select only individuals that have the desired allele
73
what is the term of taking DNA from one organism and transferring to anothers genome
recombinant DNA technology
74
what has the Bt toxin given to plants
pest resistance
75
why has glyphosate resistance been engineering into plants
makes them resistant to herbicides, so can be used more
76
when a large area is under cultivation of just one crop this is called…
monoculture
77
what kind of plant goes through its life cycle in one year
annual
78
what is a plant that is growing where you don't want it
a weed
79
what happens when there is a limited supply of a resource
competition
80
what kind of pesticide spreads through the vascular system
systemic
81
what kind of herbicide kills broad leaf plants more easily
selective
82
what kind of plant grows over many years
perennial
83
what kind of plant produces seeds with long term viability
annual
84
what characteristics are there in annual plants seeds
make lots and long term viability
85
what do pernennial plants have that helps then survive over winter
storage organs
86
what invertbrate groups are the most common crop pests
insects, nematodes and molluscs
87
what is the term for a chemical that kills plants
herbicide
88
what is the term for a chemical that kills something that is damaging plant yield
pesticide
89
what form of reproduction can perennial weeds use
vegetative reproduction
90
what is produced from vegetative reproduction
clones
91
what type of pest control is ploughing
cultural
92
what type of pest control is weeding
cultural
93
what type of pest control is crop rotation
cultural
94
what can be done to recover depleted soil nutrients
crop rotation or add fertiliser
95
what word describes the length of time a chemical remains in an ecosystem
persistance
96
what is a build up of chemical in an organism over time
bioaccumulation
97
what is an increase in chemical concentration as you move up a food chain
biomagnification
98
what is toxicity
how much of a chemical you need to kill
99
why is a disease forecast useful in fungicide application
better to treat before the plant is diseased
100
what forms can biological control take (3)
predator, pathogen, parasite
101
give 2 risks with biological control
become invasive species, act on other than the target organism
102
what is integrated pest management a combination of
chemical, biological and cultural methods of control
103
decision based on a set of moral rules
ethical
104
farming where there is a high density of livestock
intensive
105
excessivly high level of activity, often aggressive
hysperia
106
very low level of actiivty, e.g. excesssive sleeping
apathy
107
stereotypy, misdirected behaviour, failture to parent, altered levels of activity are all what form of indicator for poor animal welfare
behavioural indicators
108
repetative behaviour with little variation
stereotypy
109
normal behaviour that is being used inappropriatly
misdirected behaviour
110
what behavioural indicators are there for poor animal welfare
stereotypy, misdireced behaviour, altered levels of acvity, failure of reproductive behaviour or parenting behaviour
111
a tiger pacing back and forward in a cage is an example of..
stereotypy
112
a chicken over-grooming feathers is an an example of,,
misdirect behaviour
113
the close relationship of 2 species
symbiosis
114
where both species benefit by being in a close relationship
mutualism
115
where one species benefits and the other is harmed by interaction
parsitism
116
a species that requires a host
parasite
117
what a parasite lives on or in
host
118
a parasite that cannot surive without its host
obligate parasite
119
a host where a parasite lives some of its life cycle but doesn't reproduce
secondary host
120
something that carries a parasite from host to host
vector
121
transfer from host to host
direct contact
122
parts of life cycle where parasites can survive outside the host
resistant stages
123
the stages an organism goes through from birth to death
life cycle
124
parasites have this because they rely of the host doing a lot of reactions for it
limited metabolism
125
e.g. bees getting nectar from flowers in mutalistic relationship
resource
126
e.g. flowers getting pollinated in a mutalistic relationship
service
127
behaviour that harms the donor while benefitting the recipient
altruistic behaviour
128
the energy and time supplied to offspring from parent
parental care
129
where close relatives help to improve survival chances
kin selection
130
giving but expecting a return
reciproral altruism
131
e.g. bees, ants, termites
social insects
132
part of the reproduction in a hive
queen and drones
133
do not contribute to reproduction in the hive
workers
134
Bees perform to share foraging information
waggle dance
135
used to signal higher dominant rank
ritualistic display
136
used by subordinates to show lower rank
appeasement behaviour
137
give 2 examples of appeasement behaviour in primates
grooming, body posture, facial expression, sexual presentation
138
an order of mammals that includes human and other monkeys and apes
primates
139
a rank order of individuals in a group
social hierarchy
140
an individual higher in rank
dominant
141
an individual lower in rank
subordinate
142
working with other individuals to improve social status
alliance
143
a group of animals workng together to catch prey
cooperative hunting
144
hunting strategie that depends on one predator sending the prey in a particualr direction
ambush
145
hunting strategie where several predators take turns chasing the prey
running down
146
protection by being in a group
social defence
147
arranging individuals in a particular way to help survive attack
defensive formation
148
what alleles are present and how many of each in the population
genetic diversity
149
made up of species richness and species abundance
species diversity
150
how many different ecosytsems are present
ecosystem diversity
151
how many different species are present
species richness
152
how much of each species is present
species abundance
153
the most abundant species in an ecosystem
dominant species
154
where habitats have been broken into smaller isolated areas
habitat fragmentation
155
links together distant habitat fragments
habitat corridor
156
where the population drops to a very small number before recovering
bottleneck effect
157
another name for a non-native species
introduced species
158
species that you expect to be found in a prtaicular area
native species
159
a species that is increasing rapidly and damaging native species
invasive species
160
a non-native species that is integrated into the community
naturalised species
161
what does the bottleneck effect do to genetic diversity
decreases it
