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CfE Higher Biology > Unit 3 - Sustainability & Interdependence > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Sustainability & Interdependence Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what term in food security means that you can get to food

A

access

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2
Q

what term in food security means that you have enough food

A

quantity

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3
Q

what term in food security means that the food is nutritious

A

quality

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4
Q

what 3 terms describe good food security

A

access, quality, quantity

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5
Q

what is driving the need for more food production

A

increasing human population

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6
Q

what is a plant that has been breed for a particular trait

A

cultivar

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7
Q

what process determines food yield

A

photosynthesis

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8
Q

what do fertilisers provide

A

soil nutrients

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9
Q

what is a trophic level

A

a level in a food chain

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10
Q

what percentage of energy (roughly) is passed on in a food chain

A

10%

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11
Q

what percentage of energy (roughly) is lost as you move up a food chain

A

90%

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12
Q

Give two examples of things which would lose energy in a food chain

A

heat, movement, undigested materials, waste…

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13
Q

what do arrows show in a food chain

A

transfer of energy

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14
Q

fate of light hitting a leaf beginning with A

A

Absorbed

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15
Q

fate of light hitting a leaf beginning with T

A

Transmitted

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16
Q

fate of light hitting a leaf beginning with R

A

Reflected

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17
Q

what has to happen to light for it to be useful for photosynthesis

A

has to be absorbed

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18
Q

what is the main pigment in plants

A

chlorophyll (a)

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19
Q

what pigments are accessory pigments

A

caretenoids

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20
Q

what shows the wavelengths of light that each pigment can take in

A

absorption spectra

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21
Q

what pigments extend the range of wavelengths absorbed

A

accessory / caretenoids

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22
Q

what does the absorption of light do to the pigment molecules

A

excites electrons inside them

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23
Q

what spectra shows the photosynthetic activity at a given wavelength

A

action spectra

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24
Q

what spectra is made up of all of the absorption spectra

A

action spectra

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25
Q

where does excited chlorophyll pass electrons to

A

electron transport chain

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26
Q

where do you find chlorphyll

A

granum of chloroplast

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27
Q

what is the first stage of photosynthesis called

A

light dependent / photolysis

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28
Q

what do the proteins in the ETC pump

A

hydrogen ions

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29
Q

what does the hydrogen ion gradient drive

A

ATP synthase

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30
Q

what is ATP made from

A

ADP + Pi

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31
Q

what are the products of photolysis

A

hydrogen ions and oxygen

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32
Q

what is the hydrogen acceptor in photosynthesis

A

NADP

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33
Q

what is the reduced hydrogen acceptor in photosynthesis

A

NADPH

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34
Q

what is needed from the 1st stage for the 2nd in photosynthesis

A

ATP and NADPH

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35
Q

what is the name of the 2nd stage of photosynthesis

A

carbon fixation/calvin cycle

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36
Q

what is the 5 carbon compound that attaches to carbon dioxide in the calvin cycle

A

RuBP / Ribulose Bisphosphate

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37
Q

what is the first stable intermediate formed in the calvin cycle

A

3PG/ 3-phosphoglycerate

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38
Q

what is the name of the compound that you can make glucose from

A

G3P/ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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39
Q

how many G3P are required to make one glucose

A

2

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40
Q

when is ATP required in the calvin cycle

A

3PG to G3P and G3P to RuBP

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41
Q

when is NADPH required in the calvin cycle

A

3PG to G3P conversion

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42
Q

what enzyme attaches carbon dioxide to the RuBP

A

RuBisCO

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43
Q

where does the calvin cycle take place

A

stroma of the chloroplast

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44
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

chloroplast

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45
Q

what is the range of wavelengths in visible light

A

400-700nm

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46
Q

what colour of light has the shortest wavelength

A

violet

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47
Q

what colour of light has the longest wavelength

A

red

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48
Q

what is the first thing high energy electrons are passed to

A

primary electron acceptor

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49
Q

what carbohydrate is used for storage

A

starch

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50
Q

what carbohydrate is used for structure in the cell wall

A

cellulose

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51
Q

if glucose is broken down to pyruvate what has it been used as

A

respiratory substrate

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52
Q

if glucose has been used to make fats what type of pathway has been used

A

biosynthetic

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53
Q

what kinds of compounds are made in biosynthetic pathways

A

amino acids, fats, nucleotides…

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54
Q

what factors limit photosynthesis (N5)

A

light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration

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55
Q

what does randomisation help avoid

A

bias

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56
Q

why are replicates essential in field trials

A

because each population has variation

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57
Q

give 3 things that could be targetted as a characteristic in breeding

A

higher food yields, higher nutritional value, pest resistance, disease resistance, ability to thrive in different environments

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58
Q

what causes inbreeding depression

A

build up of deleterious allles in a limited gene pool

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59
Q

what is inbreeding

A

breeding parents that are closely related

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60
Q

what is outbreeding

A

breeding parents that are not closely related

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61
Q

what is the aim of breeding in terms of genotype

A

remove heterozygosity in desired gene

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62
Q

what type of cross looks at only one characteristic

A

monohybrid

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63
Q

what type of cross uses the recessive to identify the genotype of a dominant phenotype

A

testcross

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64
Q

what type of cross uses the parental line to help fix a particular trait

A

backcross

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65
Q

what is meant by deleterious

A

does harm

66
Q

what is meant by truebreeding

A

always passes on same allele / homozygous

67
Q

what type of cross uses two different parental strains to produce an improved F1

A

crossbreeding

68
Q

what improved characteristics can you find in plant crossbreeds

A

increased vigour, disease resistance, yield

69
Q

where the F1 shows improved characteristics from parents

A

hybrid vigour

70
Q

what increases when F1 hybrids are bred

A

variation / intermedaite phenotypes

71
Q

what form of inheritance would you expect if the trait shows dicontinuous variation

A

monogenic

72
Q

why is genome sequencing useful in breeding

A

allows you to select only individuals that have the desired allele

73
Q

what is the term of taking DNA from one organism and transferring to anothers genome

A

recombinant DNA technology

74
Q

what has the Bt toxin given to plants

A

pest resistance

75
Q

why has glyphosate resistance been engineering into plants

A

makes them resistant to herbicides, so can be used more

76
Q

when a large area is under cultivation of just one crop this is called…

A

monoculture

77
Q

what kind of plant goes through its life cycle in one year

A

annual

78
Q

what is a plant that is growing where you don’t want it

A

a weed

79
Q

what happens when there is a limited supply of a resource

A

competition

80
Q

what kind of pesticide spreads through the vascular system

A

systemic

81
Q

what kind of herbicide kills broad leaf plants more easily

A

selective

82
Q

what kind of plant grows over many years

A

perennial

83
Q

what kind of plant produces seeds with long term viability

A

annual

84
Q

what characteristics are there in annual plants seeds

A

make lots and long term viability

85
Q

what do pernennial plants have that helps then survive over winter

A

storage organs

86
Q

what invertbrate groups are the most common crop pests

A

insects, nematodes and molluscs

87
Q

what is the term for a chemical that kills plants

A

herbicide

88
Q

what is the term for a chemical that kills something that is damaging plant yield

A

pesticide

89
Q

what form of reproduction can perennial weeds use

A

vegetative reproduction

90
Q

what is produced from vegetative reproduction

A

clones

91
Q

what type of pest control is ploughing

A

cultural

92
Q

what type of pest control is weeding

A

cultural

93
Q

what type of pest control is crop rotation

A

cultural

94
Q

what can be done to recover depleted soil nutrients

A

crop rotation or add fertiliser

95
Q

what word describes the length of time a chemical remains in an ecosystem

A

persistance

96
Q

what is a build up of chemical in an organism over time

A

bioaccumulation

97
Q

what is an increase in chemical concentration as you move up a food chain

A

biomagnification

98
Q

what is toxicity

A

how much of a chemical you need to kill

99
Q

why is a disease forecast useful in fungicide application

A

better to treat before the plant is diseased

100
Q

what forms can biological control take (3)

A

predator, pathogen, parasite

101
Q

give 2 risks with biological control

A

become invasive species, act on other than the target organism

102
Q

what is integrated pest management a combination of

A

chemical, biological and cultural methods of control

103
Q

decision based on a set of moral rules

A

ethical

104
Q

farming where there is a high density of livestock

A

intensive

105
Q

excessivly high level of activity, often aggressive

A

hysperia

106
Q

very low level of actiivty, e.g. excesssive sleeping

A

apathy

107
Q

stereotypy, misdirected behaviour, failture to parent, altered levels of activity are all what form of indicator for poor animal welfare

A

behavioural indicators

108
Q

repetative behaviour with little variation

A

stereotypy

109
Q

normal behaviour that is being used inappropriatly

A

misdirected behaviour

110
Q

what behavioural indicators are there for poor animal welfare

A

stereotypy, misdireced behaviour, altered levels of acvity, failure of reproductive behaviour or parenting behaviour

111
Q

a tiger pacing back and forward in a cage is an example of..

A

stereotypy

112
Q

a chicken over-grooming feathers is an an example of,,

A

misdirect behaviour

113
Q

the close relationship of 2 species

A

symbiosis

114
Q

where both species benefit by being in a close relationship

A

mutualism

115
Q

where one species benefits and the other is harmed by interaction

A

parsitism

116
Q

a species that requires a host

A

parasite

117
Q

what a parasite lives on or in

A

host

118
Q

a parasite that cannot surive without its host

A

obligate parasite

119
Q

a host where a parasite lives some of its life cycle but doesn’t reproduce

A

secondary host

120
Q

something that carries a parasite from host to host

A

vector

121
Q

transfer from host to host

A

direct contact

122
Q

parts of life cycle where parasites can survive outside the host

A

resistant stages

123
Q

the stages an organism goes through from birth to death

A

life cycle

124
Q

parasites have this because they rely of the host doing a lot of reactions for it

A

limited metabolism

125
Q

e.g. bees getting nectar from flowers in mutalistic relationship

A

resource

126
Q

e.g. flowers getting pollinated in a mutalistic relationship

A

service

127
Q

behaviour that harms the donor while benefitting the recipient

A

altruistic behaviour

128
Q

the energy and time supplied to offspring from parent

A

parental care

129
Q

where close relatives help to improve survival chances

A

kin selection

130
Q

giving but expecting a return

A

reciproral altruism

131
Q

e.g. bees, ants, termites

A

social insects

132
Q

part of the reproduction in a hive

A

queen and drones

133
Q

do not contribute to reproduction in the hive

A

workers

134
Q

Bees perform to share foraging information

A

waggle dance

135
Q

used to signal higher dominant rank

A

ritualistic display

136
Q

used by subordinates to show lower rank

A

appeasement behaviour

137
Q

give 2 examples of appeasement behaviour in primates

A

grooming, body posture, facial expression, sexual presentation

138
Q

an order of mammals that includes human and other monkeys and apes

A

primates

139
Q

a rank order of individuals in a group

A

social hierarchy

140
Q

an individual higher in rank

A

dominant

141
Q

an individual lower in rank

A

subordinate

142
Q

working with other individuals to improve social status

A

alliance

143
Q

a group of animals workng together to catch prey

A

cooperative hunting

144
Q

hunting strategie that depends on one predator sending the prey in a particualr direction

A

ambush

145
Q

hunting strategie where several predators take turns chasing the prey

A

running down

146
Q

protection by being in a group

A

social defence

147
Q

arranging individuals in a particular way to help survive attack

A

defensive formation

148
Q

what alleles are present and how many of each in the population

A

genetic diversity

149
Q

made up of species richness and species abundance

A

species diversity

150
Q

how many different ecosytsems are present

A

ecosystem diversity

151
Q

how many different species are present

A

species richness

152
Q

how much of each species is present

A

species abundance

153
Q

the most abundant species in an ecosystem

A

dominant species

154
Q

where habitats have been broken into smaller isolated areas

A

habitat fragmentation

155
Q

links together distant habitat fragments

A

habitat corridor

156
Q

where the population drops to a very small number before recovering

A

bottleneck effect

157
Q

another name for a non-native species

A

introduced species

158
Q

species that you expect to be found in a prtaicular area

A

native species

159
Q

a species that is increasing rapidly and damaging native species

A

invasive species

160
Q

a non-native species that is integrated into the community

A

naturalised species

161
Q

what does the bottleneck effect do to genetic diversity

A

decreases it

CfE Higher Biology (3 decks)

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