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Unit 3 > Unit 3 study guide > Flashcards

Unit 3 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

signs and symptoms of HYPOnatremia

A 
"Salt loss"
muscle spasam
decreased urine output
weakness shallow respirations
increased bowel motility
decreased DTR
Orthostatic hypotenstion
<135
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2
Q

Cause of HYPOnatremia

A 
"Salt loss"
NA excretion (renal, ng suction, V/D, diuretics, sweating)
decreased aldosterone
FVD or fluid overload
SIADH
Diabeties insipidus
low intake
<135
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3
Q

Signs ans symptoms HYPOkalemia

A 
"Slow and low/ A SICK WALT"
Alkalosis
Irritability
Lethargy
Shallow respirations
Decreased breath sounds
increased blood pressure
thready pulse
decreased bowel sounds
constipation
confustion
<3.5
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4
Q

Signs and symptoms HYPERkalemia

A 
"MURDER"
Muscle spasams/cramps/twitching
Urine loss (decreased urine output)
Respiratory distress
Decreased Cardiac Contractility
EKG Changes
Reflexes, hyperreflexia, areflexia(flaccid)
seizures
weakness
>5.0
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5
Q

Causes of HYPOkalemia

A 
Drugs
Anorexia
Nitrogen
NPO
Fluid loss
incresed Water intake
cushings disease
increased aldosterone
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6
Q

Causes of HYPERkalemia

A 
Cellular movement ICF-->ECF
 excess intake
renal failure
addisons (adrenal insufficiency)
Drugs( K-sparing diuretic, ace inhibitors, NSAIDS)
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7
Q

Signs and Symptoms of HYPOmagnesmia

A 
Trousseaus/Chvosteks response
Tourdes de pointes
tetany
irregular (signifigant changes in) rythms 
seizures
increased deep tendon reflex
increased Blood pressure
low respiration rate
decreased bowel motility
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8
Q

Causes of low magnesium

A 
limited intake
other electrolyte issues(hypokalemia, hypocalemia)
malabsorption
wasting mg
alcohol
glycemic issues (DKA, Insulin)
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9
Q

Signs and Symptoms of HYPERnatremia

A 
fever,flushed skin
restlessness
increased fluid retention, edema
dry mouth/skin
agitated
confused
>145
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10
Q

Causes of HYPERnatremia

A 
"no FRIED food/think dehydrated"
hypercortisolism(cushings)
incR intake (oral/IV)
GI tube w/o adequate water intake
Hypertonic solutions
reduced excretion
Infection, fever, sweating, D
Hyperventilation
hypoaldosteronism
thirst impairment
corticosteroids
loss of fluids
>145
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11
Q

Signs and symptoms of HYPOcalcemia

A 
"Cramps"
trousseaus/Chvosteks
seizures
arrythmias
increased deep tendon reflex
confusion 
Arrythmias
<8.5
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12
Q

Causesof HYPOcalemia

A 
Low parathyroid hormone
celiac/chrons
actue pancreatitis
low vitamin D
chronic kidney issues
inadequate intake (alcohol, bulima)
increased Phos.
wound drainage (especially GI)
Meds
decreased mobility
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13
Q

Signs and Symptoms of HYPERcalcemia

A 
"Body is Weak"
muscle weakness/lethargy
EKG Irregularities
absent or decreased deep tendon response
confusion
abdominal distention r/t contstipation
CA deposits
kidney stone formation
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14
Q

Causes of HYPERcalcemia

A 
hyper parathyroid Hormone
hyperthyroidism
decreased excretion (renal failure, thiazides)
bone cancer
increased calcium and vitamin D intake
lithium
glucocorticosteroids (supress CA)
Addisons (Adrenal insufficiency)
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15
Q

Signs and Symptoms HYPERmagnesmia

A

Muscle weakness which leads to respiratory arrest
EKG irregularities which lead to cardiac arrest
Absent or decreasted deep tendon responses
Nausea and Vomiting
decreased BP

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16
Q

Causes of HYPERmagnesmia

A

Mg rich antacids/laxatives (maalox, Mylanta)
Addisons (Adrenal insufficiency)
Golomerular filtration

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17
Q

Infiltration

A

Pallor, local swelling at the site, decreased skin temperature around the site, damp dressing, slowed infusion

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18
Q

Treatment for infiltration

A

Stop infusion and remove catheter
Elevate extremity
Encourage AROM
Apply cold/warm compress(depending on solution)
Check with PCP if pt still needs IV therapy if so restart infusion proximal to site or in another extremity

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19
Q

Prevention on infiltration

A

Secure catheter

20
Q

Extravasation

A

Pain, burning, redness, swelling

21
Q

Treating Extravasation

A

Stop infusion and notify PCP

Follow facility protocol, which may include infusing an atedote through cath before removal.

22
Q

Catheter Embolus

A

Missing cath tip after removal

Severe pain at the site with migration, no symptoms if no migrations.

23
Q

Phlebitis

A

Edema, burning, throbbing, or pain at the site; increased skin temp; erythema; red line up the arm with a palpable band at the vein site; slowed infusion

24
Q

Treatment of Phlebitis

A

Discontinue and remove cath
Elevate extremity
Apply cold compress to minimize blood flow
Apply warm compress to increase circulation
Check with PCP if pt still needs infusion if so continue proximal to the site or another extremity
Obtain specimen for culture at the site and prepare the cath for culture if drainage is presence.

25
Q

Prevention of phlebitis

A 
Rotate site every 72 hours (or sooner depending on facility policy)
Asses IV site using phlebitis scale
Avoid lower extremities
Use hand hygiene
Use surgical aseptic technique
26
Q

How Albuterol/ levalbuterol is given

A

Beta2-adrenal agonists(prototype med)
Can be inhaled, but makes it short acting
Can be OP which makes it long acting.

27
Q

Therapeutic uses of Albuterol/levalbuterol

A

Prevention of exercise induced asthmatic episodes
When inhaled, it is used for the prevention of asthma
Treatment of bronchospasm
Long term control of asthma

28
Q

Complications with Albuterol/levalbuterol

A

OP can cause tachycardia and angina b/c of activation of alpha1 receptors in heart.
Tremors, caused by the activation of beta2 receptors in skeletal muscles.
Palpitations

29
Q

Theophylline

A

OP is used for long term control of chronic asthma or COPD.
Is a bronchodilator.
Mild toxicity can include GI distress and restlessness.
More severe reactions include dysrhythmias and seizures. Avoid caffeine.
Xanthines
Reduce or eliminate caffeine intake

30
Q

When taking theophylline with phenobarbital, phenytoin, or rifampin one should

A

Increase theophylline levels because these medications decrease the therapeutic effects.

31
Q

When taking theophylline with ciprofloxacin, cimetidine, or other fluoroquinolone antibiotics one should

A

Decrease theophylline levels because these medications increase the effects of these medications.

32
Q

Lasix

A

Loop diuretic. Takes out fluid, electrolytes, everything. Take in morning. Can lower BP

33
Q

Thiazide

A

Widens circumference of blood vessels.
Used for high BP
Takes Sodium and Potassium out

34
Q

Triamtcrene

A

Congestive heart failure
Restrict salt
Used for high BP
No canned soup, processed meat, or cheese

35
Q

Decongestants

A

Slows formation od mucus but can increase BP.
Reduces Edema
Not for seizure pt’s

36
Q

Antihistamines

A

Reduce swelling

S/E: dry mouth, urinary retention

37
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Reduce inflammation

38
Q

Expectorants

A

Robitussin

Lubricate airways and help cough better

39
Q

Antitussive

A

Benadryl

Helps suppress cough

40
Q

Mucolytic

A

Mucomyst

Reduces stickiness of mucus

41
Q

Beta-adrenergics

A

Proventil
Used as rescue inhaler
Avoid caffeine

42
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Atrovent
Urinary retention
Rinse mouth out after using

43
Q

people more at risk for FVE

A

Pt with Heart disease, kidney dysfunction, or diabetes with peripheral vascular disease.

44
Q

How to treat FVE

A 
Limit water and sodium intake
Administer diuretics (loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, Potassium sparking)
Low sodium diet
45
Q

Nasal cannula

A

Rubbing with two small prongs inserted into the nares

Delivers FiO2 of 24% to 44% at a flow rate of 1 to 6 L/min

46
Q

Simple face mask

A

Covers nose and mouth
Delivers FiO2 of 40%-60% flow rate of 5 to 8L/min
Since flow rate is less than 5 L/min can result in rebreathing of CO2

47
Q

Partial rebreather

A

Covers the pt nose and mouth
Delivers FiO2 of 24% to 44% at a flow rate of 1-6 L/min
The mask as a reservoir bag attached with no valve which allows the client to rebreathe 1/3 of the exhaled air with room air
Complete deflation of the reservoir bag during inspiration causes build up of CO2

Unit 3 (4 decks)

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