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AP Psych > Unit 3: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 3: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Detect energy from environment and encode it as neural signals

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2
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study relationship btwn physical energy and psychological exp.

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3
Q

Stimulus

A

Environmental change able to be detected by sensory receptors

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4
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Smallest energy amount leading to reaction 50% of time

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5
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Ability to detect stimulus based on stimulus’ intensity and your physical/pyschological state

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6
Q

Difference threshold (just noticeable difference)

A

Smallest amount of change in stimulus that’ll produce a change in sensation

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7
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Harder to tell difference in stimulus when it’s louder, brighter, etc.

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8
Q

Subliminal Stimulation

A

Sensory info below person’s threshold for perception

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9
Q

Transduction

A

Transforms stimulus energy to electrochemical energy

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10
Q

Perception

A

Process organizing sensory input and makes it meaningful

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11
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

1st: sense stimulus
2nd: perceive and process exp.

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12
Q

Top-down processing

A

1st: perceive and process exp. (Expectation)
2nd: sense stimulus

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13
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Ability to recognize object has not changed despite stimuli around it changed

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14
Q

Visual capture

A

Tendency to allow visual images to dominate our perception
Example: at movies we think the voices come from actors not speakers

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15
Q

Vision Process

A

Ray of light → cornea → pupil (where iris expand/contracts) → lens → retina (image formed)

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16
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to judge objects distances

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17
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Distance cues based on 1 eye’s images

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18
Q

Interposition Overlap (Monocular Cues)

A

Closer object cuts off view of distant object

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19
Q

Relative Size (Monocular Cues)

A

2 same-size objects: closer one casts larger image on retina

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20
Q

Relative Height (Monocular Cues)

A

Objects closer to horizon appear farther away

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21
Q

Texture Gradient (Monocular Cues)

A

Closer objects have coarser, more distinct texture

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22
Q

Linear Perspective (Monocular Cues)

A

Cue to distance when parallel lines converge in distance
Example: sidewalks

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23
Q

Binocular cues

A

Distance cues based on 2 eye’s images

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24
Q

Convergence (Binocular cues)

A

Eyes move in for near object and straight for further object

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25
Q

Retinal Display (Binocular cues)

A

Images from each eye differ (disparity)

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26
Q

Schemas

A

Concepts or frameworks organizing and interpreting info
→ result from exp.
→ example: interpretations of ufo’s, loch ness, or cloud

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27
Q

Cornea

A

(Front of eye)
Bends incoming light rays

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28
Q

Iris

A

(Surrounds pupil)
Muscle regulating size of pupil opening

29
Q

Pupil

A

(In Iris)
Small, adjustable opening that’s smaller in bright light, larger in darkness

30
Q

Lens

A

(Behind pupil)
Changes shape (more spherical or flatter) to focus rays → image

31
Q

Retina

A

(Back of eye)
Light-sensitive surface containing rods and cones that transduce light energy

32
Q

Fovea

A

(Small area of retina)
Where cones are most concentrated

33
Q

Optic Nerve

A

(Formed by ganglion cells)
Neural impulses from eye → thalamus

34
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Neurons that convert light energy → electrochemical neural impulses

35
Q

Rods

A

(Photoreceptor)
Defect black, white, and gray
Also detects movement

36
Q

Cones

A

(Photoreceptor)
Detects color and detail in bright light conditions

37
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

(retina’s 2nd layer of neurons)
Impulses from rods and cones → ganglion cells

38
Q

Ganglion cells

A

(retina’s 3rd layer of neurons)
Forms optic nerve

39
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Detects movements, shapes, and angles of certain stimuli

40
Q

Hubel & Wiesel

A

Feature- detector theory: perceptions of stimuli constructed from neurons in brain sensitive to specific features of stimuli

41
Q

Light Waves

A

Stimuli for receptor cells lining retina

42
Q

Wavelength

A

Dertimines hue: ROYGBIV
→ short = cool (purple - 400nm )
→ long = warm (red - 650nm)

43
Q

Amplitude (light waves)

A

Dertimines hue’s intensity
→ height of light wave

44
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Cones work in 3 teams (red, green, blue) → can make all colors → signal strength is how brain interprets color
→ light hits Retina → cones stimulated → color

45
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Visual info transferred from cones → ganglion cells (some neurons excited aka on, some off)
Neurons turn off and on during process
→ explains after images

46
Q

Physical Illusions

A

Messes with depth perception

47
Q

Physiological Illusions

A

Visual system overstimulated
→ exciting or fatiguing photoreceptors and feature detectors

48
Q

Cognitive Illusions

A

Optical illusions

49
Q

Audition

A

Hearing

50
Q

Fechner

A

Established every 10dB corresponds with 10 times increase in volume

51
Q

Amplitude ( sound waves)

A

Dertimines sound’s loudness (large amp. = large sound)
→ Sound wave’s height
→ measured in dB (decibles)

52
Q

Frequency

A

Of completed wavelengths that pass a point in a second

Number of completed wavelengths that pass a point in a second

53
Q

Pitch

A

A sound’s lowness or highness
→ short wavelength= higher frequency and higher pitch
→ long wavelength= lower frequency and higher pitch

54
Q

Timbre

A

Sound quality determined by waveform’s purity

55
Q

Outer ear (all parts)

A

→ Pinna
→ Auditory Canal
→ Eardrum

56
Q

Auditory Canal (Outer Ear)

A

Where sound waves enter

57
Q

Eardrum (Outer Ear)

A

Vibrates soundwaves

58
Q

Middle ear (all ossicles)

A

All ossicles
→ Stirrup
→ Hamm er
→ anvil

59
Q

The Ossicles

A

Eardrum cause ossicles to vibrate
→ vibrating (stirrup) pushes against cochlea

60
Q

Inner ear (all parts)

A

→ Cochlea
→ Semicircular Canals
→ Vestibular Sacs

61
Q

Basilar membrane

A

(Inside cochlea)
It’s hair cells are bent by stirrups vibrations and traduce mechanical energy → electrochemical energy
Also, hair cells synapse auditory neurons → auditory nerve

62
Q

Sound localization

A

Determine sounds location
→ Parallel Processing: process both ears’ intensity and timing differences to determine location

63
Q

Gustation

A

Chemical sense of taste
→ receptors on tongue, roof of mouth, and throat

64
Q

Olfaction

A

Chemical sense of smell
→ receptors on mucous membrane and roof of nasal cavity

65
Q

Somatosensation

A

Skin sensations

66
Q

Gate-control theory

A

Pain experienced only if pain signals pass through gate in spinal cord → brain

67
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Body’s sense of equilibrium
→ receptors in semicircular canals and vestibular sac

68
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Body sense providing info about position and movement of individual parts
→ receptors in muscles, tendons, joints

AP Psych (4 decks)

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