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AP Psych > Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuropsychologists

A

conduct evaluations to characterize behavioral and cognitive changes resulting from CNS disease or injury

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2
Q

Lesions

A

areas of damaged brain tissue

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3
Q

CAT Scans

A

(X-ray) images taken at different angles around your body and creates image slices of bones, blood vessels and soft tissues. Quickly examines people who may have internal injuries from car accidents or etc.

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4
Q

MRIs

A

(radio waves) sends a pulse distorting MRI’s magnetic field and atoms in body. As atoms return to normal, image slices of brain produced.

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5
Q

EEG

A

Electrodes placed on head. Detects neuron’s electric activity and maps brain waves (specifically where electrode is).

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6
Q

PET Scans

A

trace amount of radioactive glucose injected. Detects “hot spots” (neural activity). Shows brain in action

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7
Q

fMRI

A

(process similar to MRI) as atoms return, they are measured as well as oxygen from blood flow. Detailed brain slices (MRI) and hot spots (PET scan).

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8
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

(Brain and Spinal Cord)
-Brain communicates and coordinates actions btwn all body parts. Forms thought, emotion, and behavior.
-Spine transmits info from brain -> muscles -> glands

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9
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

(Contains Somatic and Autonomic NS) A bundle of nerves outside CNS. It carries out CNS’ orders.

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10
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

-Inside the Peripheral NS and contains Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS
-Involuntary Actions like breathing, heart rate, etc.

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11
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

-Inside Autonomic NS
-response in dire situations like car accidents or a fire

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

-Inside Autonomic NS
-calms down and relaxes body after a stressful situation
-EX) after a car accident is over-> Parasympathetic NS causes body to feel pain

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13
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

-Works with Sensory Nerves
-Voluntary movement

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14
Q

Brain (development model)

A

-Hindbrain: medulla, pons, cerebellum
-Midbrain: small region with parts involved in eye reflexes and movements
-Forebrain: the limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex

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15
Q

Convolutions

A

Folds and wrinkles of the cortex of the brain. Creates more surface area -> more space for neurons and information to be stored

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16
Q

Contralaterality

A

Control of one side of your body by the other side of your brain (left side of brain controls right side of body and vice versa)

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17
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability to produce speech and select words

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18
Q

Glial Cells

A

Protects and provides nutrition to neurons

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19
Q

Neuron

A

Our body’s nerve cells which make up the nervous system

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20
Q

Soma (Cell Body)

A

Contains the neuron’s nucleus

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21
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives chemical info from neurons

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22
Q

Axon

A

Fiber bundles carrying info away from Soma

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23
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

-Layer of electrical insulation covering the axon
-Increases the speed that info travels on the neuron

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24
Q

Terminal Buttons (Axon Terminal)

A

Stores neurotransmitters

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25
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

-Chemical Signal
-Carries information from one neuron to another when the gap is to long to send electric signals

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26
Q

Acetylcholine (ACH)

A

(Type of Neurotransmitter)
-Enables muscle action
-not enough -> Alzheimer

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27
Q

Dopamine

A

(Type of Neurotransmitter)
-Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
-too much -> Schizophrenia
-not enough -> Tremors and Parkinson

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28
Q

Glutamate

A

(Type of Excitatory Neurotransmitter)
-Vital role in memory
-too much -> Migraines and Seizures

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29
Q

GABA

A

(Type of Inhibitory Neurotransmitter)
-GABA: Get A Break Adjustment
-slows and stops chemical reactions in CNS
-not enough -> seizures, tremors, and insomnia

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30
Q

Serotonin

A

(Type of Neurotransmitter)
-Affects hunger, mood arousal, and sleep
-not enough -> depression

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31
Q

Endorphine

A

(Type of Neurotransmitter)
-Pain control and pleasure during great bodily stress
-Associated with OCD

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32
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

(In Brain Stem)
-Autonomic functions like breathing, blood pressure, and reflexes

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33
Q

Pons

A

(In Brain Stem)
-Pathway for motor and sensory info between body and brain

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34
Q

Cerebellum

A

(In Brain Stem)
-Helps with tracking of moving objects and coordination and balance

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35
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

(In Forebrain)
-Important for smooth muscle movement and actions

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36
Q

Thalamus

A

(In Brain Stem)
-sensory and motor relay
-send signals to forebrain to be interpreted

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37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

(Below Thalamus)
-Works with Pituitary Gland to maintain Homeostasis

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38
Q

Amygdala

A

Influences emotional reactions (fear and aggression)

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39
Q

Hippocampus

A

(Part of Limbic System)
-Vital to formation of new memories

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40
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

(thin outer layer of brain)
-main control center and information processing center

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41
Q

Association Areas

A

-Sections of the cerebral cortex connected to the function of a primary part of the cerebral cortex
-Areas responsible for thought, memory, and learning

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42
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

Responsible for sight

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43
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

-Plays a major part in touch, pressure and temperature

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44
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

-Necessary for motor control, speech, decision making, and judgments
-Broca’s Area: speech center

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45
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

-Hearing (contralaterality)
-Wernicke’s Area: development of language (interprets auditory code)

46
Q

Action Potential (Firing Threshold)

A

Neuron fires impulse because there is a positive sweep (K+ rush in, Na- rush out) down the axon

47
Q

All-or-None Principle

A

Once the electrical impulse reaches intensity level, all energy will fire

48
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Small spaces or gaps in the Myelin Sheath

49
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Myelin Sheath is too fatty to perpetuate the action potential signal, so the signal jumps over it, speeding up transmission

50
Q

Synapse

A

Where two neurons meet and neurotransmitters are released into it

51
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

A

Stimulates firing (sends message)

52
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A

Slows firing (slows or sends messages)

53
Q

Reflex

A

Any response you have to a stimulus you are born with

54
Q

Effector

A

Muscle/gland cell that responds to stimuli

55
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Carry info from the the brain to muscles and organs throughout the body

56
Q

Interneuron

A

(In CNS)
-Receive input from motor neurons and transmits its output to sensory neurons

57
Q

Afferent Neuron

A

Carry info from the body to CNS

58
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Respond to changes in environment by converting energy into action potential

59
Q

Endocrine System

A

-Allows for communication
-Glands talk to glands

60
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical compounds secreted by the endocrine glands that transmit info throughout the body

61
Q

Pineal Gland

A

(In Brain)
-produces melatonin

62
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

(In Brain)
-regulates other glands

63
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

(In Neck)
-regulates metabolism

64
Q

Parathyroids

A

(Behind Thyroid)
-control calcium amount in blood and bones

65
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

(In Stomach)
-produces adrenaline

66
Q

Pancreas

A

(In Stomach)
-produces insuline
-gets energy from food

67
Q

Ovaries

A

(In Private Parts)
-produces estrogen and progesterone

68
Q

Tetstes

A

(In Private Parts)
-produces testosterone

69
Q

Evolutionary Psychologists

A

Focus on the principles of natural selection to explain our behavior and the mind

70
Q

Behavioral Geneticists

A

Study power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

71
Q

Down Syndrome

A

-Genetic disorder
-3rd copy of chromosome 21

71
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

-Genetic disorder affecting males
-Born with 1 or greater x-chromosome causing unusual physical traits

71
Q

Tay-Sachs Syndrome

A

-Genetic disease
-Slowly destroys nerve cells in brain and spinal cord

71
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

-chromosomal disorder in X-Chromosome (females)
-short webbed neck, low-set ears, swollen hands and feet

71
Q

Identical Twins

A

-Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two and creates two genetic replicas
-Cannot be a different sex

71
Q

Zygote

A

When a female (human) egg is fertilized

71
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

-Develop from separate eggs and separate sperm cells, but during the same fertilization period
-Can be different sex

72
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

-Mutation in liver enzyme that metabolizes phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine
-Leads to seizures

73
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

-Genetic disease
-Consists of abnormal movements, dementia, and psychological problems

74
Q

Attention

A

Processing through cognition of a select portion of the massive amount of information incoming from the senses and contained in memory

75
Q

Preconscious

A

-Area that lies between conscious awareness and the unconscious
-Thoughts stay temporarily, not permanently

76
Q

Unconscious

A

-Deepest level of consciousness
-Pool of unwanted or unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, memories, and emotions

77
Q

Nonconscious

A

-Any mental process that goes on in which the individual is unaware
-Two components: preconscious and unconscious

78
Q

Deal Processing

A

-Processing information with respect to its meaning

79
Q

Hypothalamus (biological clock)

A

-helps control circadian rhythm
-Responds to light and dark stimuli

80
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

24 hour cycle/regular schedule that body temperature fluctuates on

81
Q

Reticular Formation

A

-Attention and Arousal
-Sleep Cycle (waking up)

82
Q

NREM 1

A

-Light sleep (nap)
-Alpha waves (slow inactivity)

83
Q

NREM 2

A

-Transition Stage
-Harder to wake up
-Theta Waves (slower inactivity)

84
Q

NREM 3

A

-Body Sleep (everything slowed)
-Delta Waves: very, very slow activity and sense response

85
Q

REM

A

-VERY internally active
-Dreams/Nightmares

86
Q

Insomnia

A

-Inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or both
-Causes: stress, bad sleep schedule

87
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

-Not breathing or lack of breathing continuously throughout the night
-Three Types:
Obstructive: obstruction in air way
Central (CNS): brain triggers stopping breathing
Complex: Both types

88
Q

Night terrors

A

-Do not occur in REM
-Wake up with increased heart and respiratory rate

89
Q

Manifest Content

A

The storyline we remeber

90
Q

Latent Content

A

Hidden meaning/symbol in dream

91
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

The activation of our brain leads to the synthesis of new memories

92
Q

Cognitive Information Processing Theory

A

Sleep helps us restore and rebuild our memories of the day

93
Q

Meditation

A

Spiritual practice/alternative medicine that provides physical relaxation and mental clarity

94
Q

Depressants

A

Reduce (slow) neural activity

95
Q

Narcotics

A

-Depressant effect and pain relief
-Endorphin Agonist

96
Q

Stimulants

A

Excite (speed up) neural activity

97
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Distort perception and evoke hallucinations

98
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

Emotional need for drug or substance that has no underlying physical need

99
Q

Withdrawal Symptoms

A

Physical symptoms associated with the decrease or discontinuation of addictive or psychoactive substances

100
Q

Darwin

A

Evolutionary Theory

101
Q

Broca

A

Discovered Broca’s area which controls language expression

102
Q

Wernicke

A

Discovered Wernicke’s Area which is involved in language understanding

103
Q

Sperry

A

-Studied split brain patients
-Showed left/right hemispheres have different functions

104
Q

Gazzaniga

A

-Neuroscience
-Split-brain research
-Advances in understanding how the cerebral hemispheres communicate

105
Q

James

A

-Functionalist Perspective
-Theory of Emotion: emotions result from arousing stimulus causing physiological reaction

106
Q

Frued

A

-Father of Psychoanalysis
-Psychological Theory: dreams are road to unconscious mind

AP Psych (4 decks)

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